Population Change And Resource Cousumption Essay Example for Free

Population Change And Resource Cousumption Essay Introduction The Islands of the Caribbean has for centuries been enticing to travelers and a major tourist destination. The islands are very famous and popular for their stretches of beaches with soft sand and the easy life that the island offers. The islands are located at the south east region of North America towards the Eastern side of Central America. The Caribbean consists of over 7, 000 islands. The islands are a chain that is 2, 500 miles long and over 160 miles wide. These islands have enclosed the Caribbean Sea. The islands support a very exceptional diversity of ecosystem. These however have been endangered by water pollution, human encroachment as well as deforestation, McGranahan, G., S. Lewin, (1999). The map below shows the islands of the Caribbean. The Caribbean Population change The population in the Caribbean has been growing tremendously. It is approximated that the population has increased by 85% for the years between 1970 and 2001.This is approximately an increase from 285 million people to around 528million people. Over this same period, the annual population growth rate has fallen from 2.5% to 1.5%. This is largely attributed to urbanization, factors to do with social development and improved programs of birth control, Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin, (1996). The majority of the population in the Caribbean is more concentrated along the coastline where the land terrain is gently sloping. Consequently the high population, along the Caribbean coastline can result to high pollution of the water supply by the facilities for sanitation which more often than not will be located close to the water sources. The figure below shows the population size in the Caribbean islands by country. Pos Country Population 1 Â  Cuba 11,382,820 2 Â  Dominican Republic 9,183,984 3 Â  Haiti 8,528,000 Â  Puerto Rico (United States) 3,955,000 4 Â  Jamaica 2,651,000 5 Â  Trinidad and Tobago 1,305,000 Guadeloupe (France) 448,000 Martinique (France) 396,000 6 Â  Bahamas 323,000 7 Â  Barbados 279,000 Â  Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands) 183,000 8 Â  Saint Lucia 161,000 9 Â  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 119,000 Â  United States Virgin Islands (United States) 112,000 10 Â  Grenada 103,000 Â  Aruba (Netherlands) 99,000 11 Â  Antigua and Barbuda 81,000 12 Â  Dominica 79,000 Â  Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) 48,000 Â  Bermuda (United Kingdom) 64,000 13 Â  Saint Kitts and Nevis 43,000 Â  Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom) 26,000 Â  British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom) 22,000 Â  Anguilla (United Kingdom) 12,000 Â  Montserrat (United Kingdom) 4,000 Source UNEP, (2000): Access to water in the Caribbean Water access in the Caribbean is insufficient. This is more so in the rural areas and among the poor population. By the year 2004, it was approximated that at least 9% of the Caribbean population or 50m million people had inadequate access to the supply of water, Shiklomanov, (2000). In addition it was also approximated that 132 million people translating to 23% of the population had inadequate access to sanitation. The accessibility of water supply still remains unpredictable to date considering the financial constraints of the local and central government in the Caribbean and the inadequate finances in the service providers sector. The Caribbean islands have over the years greatly caused water pollution due to poor sanitation. Â  For instance, in the Caribbean, only an approximate 50% of the population can be able to access the sewer system. This is quite alarming; with emphasis on the fact that even the existing sewer systems are not at most instances functioning properly.26 percent of the Caribbean population uses other different sanitation forms like septic tanks and variety of latrine types. The lack of fresh water in the Caribbean can be attributed to the problems of inadequate resources in the forms of finance and human capital. However, demographic and physical factors also contribute in that; there is a shortage of a base for natural resources and limitation of surface areas, Hopfenberg, Russell and Pimentel, David, (2001). For instance, there is limited space for fresh water, arable land, and convectional sources of energy and mineral resources. The Caribbean is also vulnerable to natural disasters, which compromise the availability of the water recourses within the islands. Types of Caribbean water use In the Caribbean, water is used both for domestic purposes and economic use. The water is used especially in the farming of bananas and cotton among other crops. The use of water per capita in the Caribbean varies from one country to another. It is also different in the various urban areas, rural areas. It also varies depending on the numbers of people with public taps, house connection or even where there lacks an improved water source. It is estimated that in average the water use in the urban areas is approximately 240liters per capita every day. This level of water use is as high as the water use in the United States. It is also two times higher than water use in Central Chile. The Quality of Water The quality of water in the Caribbean is poor even to those people that can access it. This is clearly indicated by the intermittent water supply within the countries in the Caribbean. There is also very low pressure of the water and in fact, the drinking water is of low quality. M. Wackernagel, M., Manfreda C., and Deumling D., (2002). However, there is some difference on water qualities some of the countries and cities, some of the cities and countries have good quality water and a consistent supply and are on par with the water quality and supply in the developed countries. Inspire of the high amounts of rainfall received in the Caribbean islands, the availability of fresh water is quite a big problem. The island commonly goes through severe shortages of fresh water. This is especially so because of the limited storage capacity for storing water to be used during the dry periods. Â  It is not possible to construct large water reservoirs since the land resource is scarce. More over, the heavy down pours accompanied by very steep topography, soil that is easily eroded, river channels that are short, all can contribute to heavy siltation of the water reservoirs reducing the capacity of water storage even further. In the Caribbean, people often depend on ground water though only limited quantities of this important resource is available. The fact that the islands in the Caribbean are surrounded by salty water makes fresh water unavailable even from underground sources. Water problems and the potential solutions in the Caribbean The lack of access to quality safe water The problem of water safety in the Caribbean can be solved. This can be done through the desalination of the sea water that surrounds the island so that there is a constant supply of quality and fresh water. However, this would call for the use of high technology which is very costly and expensive. The technology may not be available in the Caribbean but it would be a good solution to the water shortage in this area. In the recent past however, the Caribbean has improved in terms of water access, for instance it is estimated that water access has increased from 33% of the people in the year 1970 to an approximate 85% in the year 2000.This then implies that almost seventy seven million people are still lacking the supply of water in their houses. Lack of Access to Sanitation Sanitation is very important to any healthy population; a proper sanitation system should be put in place to ensure that the waste from the Caribbean island is disposed appropriately. Since most of the people live along the coastline, the sewer systems should be located away from these areas to prevent or even stop polluting the surrounding water sources, Kurlansky, M. (1992). Â  For example, a large portion of the population uses septic tanks and latrines, the rest of the people do not have safe access to sanitation. Some of the people in the Caribbean use underground water resources and this can be contaminated by poor sanitation facilities. Failure to treat sanitation waste In the Caribbean, only the sewage and waste of at least 14% of the homes gets treatment from the local plants. The rest of the waste finds its way down to rivers, oceans, lakes and the aquifers at located underground. This is a health hazard and risks the aquatic life within the region. It has the potential to damage the ecological system. To curb this problem, all the sewage and related waste should be treated with the available sanitary plants. More of such facilities should be put up to immediately stop the waste from draining to the water bodies. This way the available water sources will be clean and free of contamination. Service provision The authority of provision of sanitation and clean water rests in the hands of either the national or regional companies or the municipalities. Consequently, the municipalities that are larger have established municipal or even inter-municipal utilities for the public use, Ron N., (2006). The finances from these utilities are kept separately from the larger finances of the cities. This has caused misunderstandings and mismanagement of the public facilities. The system should be streamlined so that there is no confusion in the provision of the utilities and that efficiency and effectiveness is maintained. It should be cleared up on the roles and responsibilities of the various authorities that mange and regulate these essential utilities. Ground water Lack of water reservoirs in the Caribbean call for the use of under ground water sources. These sources do not have enough water supply but they help to put the water problems at manageable levels. However, the ground water is threatened by pollution and over exploitation, Kurlansky, M. (1992). The available aquifers have been over used or polluted by the agricultural activities and mining. The under ground water sources should be taken care of and at all cost not be polluted. The aquifers are of utmost importance in the Caribbean and the government and other non-governmental organizations should come to the aid of these resources. Population control The population in the Caribbean is over concentrated within the costal areas. The resources within this coastal region are over stretched and very vulnerable to pollution and over use. Â  Efforts should be done to see that the population is evenly distributed or that the facilities and especially sanitation in the over populated areas increased. By over stretching the facilities to beyond the possible limits, the Caribbean is putting the future of its population’s health at a risk, Rogozinski, J (1999). Conclusion The Caribbean is a fascinating series of island with a lot of economic activities especially tourism. The islands however are faced with a population problem and the scarcity of quality and clean water sources. Most of the available sources like the underground aquifers are over used or even polluted. The sanitation facilities within this region are very wanting and a lot has to be done to keep water problems at a distance in these very attractive islands, Shiklomanov, (2000). Â  References Rogozinski, J (1999): A Brief History of the Caribbean, New York Kurlansky, M. (1992): A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny, Addison-Wesley Publishing Ron N., (2006): The Little Green Handbook: Seven Trends Shaping the Future of Our Planet, Picador, New York Wackernagel, M., Manfreda C., and Deumling D., (2002): Ecological Footprint of Nations Hopfenberg, Russell and Pimentel, David, (2001): Human Population Numbers as a Function of Water Supply, Environment, Development and Sustainability Shiklomanov, (2000): Appraisal and Assessment of World Water Resources, Water International UNEP, (2000): Global Environmental Outlook, Earth scan Publications, London, UK Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin, (1996): The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind, Anchor, McGranahan, G., S. Lewin, (1999): Environmental Change and Human Health in the Caribbean, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

Technologys Impact on Children With Communication Disorders Essay

Technology's Impact on Children With Communication Disorders â€Å"†¦If all of my possessions were taken from me with one exception, I would choose the power of communication, for by it I would regain all the rest. Daniel Webster† (Lloyd, Fuller, and Arvidson 1). Imagine that you were born one hundred years ago and as you grew, you never learned to talk, or at the very most, could only communicate in two or three word sentences. What would you do? How would you make your wishes known to those around you? Remember, this is one hundred years ago and you didn’t have computers or other augmentative devices to â€Å"talk† with. Perhaps you are able to use your hands to write, but often communication disorders are joined with other problems like Down syndrome, autism, or cerebral palsy, all of which make it more difficult to control your hands. Be thankful that you live in the twenty-first century, where computers can help communicate as well as teach children with these disorders how to survive within a communicating world. I will discuss the impact, effects, and Christian perspective of technology on communication disorders. Impact of technology on children with communication disorders A communication disorder is described as, â€Å"‘an impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal and graphic symbol systems [ASHA, 1993, p. 40]’† (Owens, Metz, and Haas 14). Several years ago, people with communication disorders could get therapy to learn how to talk if they were able, but there wasn’t much that could be done if it was physically impossible to say the speech sounds. This person would have to go through life trying to communicate by hand signals, writing, and maybe a few choice wo... ...Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.; Baltimore, 1992. 175-202. Hjelmquist, Erland. â€Å"Form and Meaning in Alternative Language Development.† Augmentative and Alternative Communication. Whurr Publishers; London, 1999. 31-39. Lloyd, Lyle L.; Fuller, Donald R.; and Helen H. Arvidson. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. Allyn and Bacon; Boston, 1997. Nelson, Lauren I. And Julie J. Masterson. â€Å"Computer technology: Creative interfaces in service delivery. Topics in Lavguahe Disorders v19 n3, May 1999, 67-86. Owens, Robert E., jr.; Metz, Dale Evan; and Adelaide Haas. Introduction to Communication Disorders: A Life Span Perspective. Allyn and Bacon; Boston, 2000. Yorkston, Kathryn M.; Beukelman, David R.; Strand, Edythe A.; and Kathleen R. Bell. Management of Motor Speech Disorders in Children and Adults. Pro-Ed Publishers; Austin, Texas, 1999.

Marketing Report – Baskin-Robbins

The purpose of this report is to investigate the possible approach of a new market segment with a new offer by the American ice cream manufacturer Baskin-Robbins. 1. 2. Scope The report will refer both to the characteristics of the targeted market segment, as well as to the features of the new product that will make him accepted by the target clients.1. 3. Methodology Secondary research was used in order to build the information base necessary for the development of the present report. Various academic studies, newspaper articles, company reports and websites have been explored.In order to develop the marketing proposal, both analysis of available information, as well as creative use of observed market patterns were the other methods used in writing the paper. 1. 4. Limitations Due to limited access to well developed ice cream market studies (that might amount up to $3000) the information used as base for analysis on are rather basic. Also, the present report is limited by its word c ount of +/-2200 and is written individually. 1. 5. Assumptions It is assumed that the information found during secondary research is accurate. 1. 6. BackgroundThe present report will firstly focus on defining the targeted market segment and motivating why it should be taken into consideration. Following, the characteristics of the new product will be presented and recommendations on its introduction on the market will be given. The 4P marketing model is used in constructing the image of the new product. 2. NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 2. 1. Market segment characteristics Ice cream is a product that makes no discrimination. Everybody loves it and it can be found in more than 93% of American households (Geisler, p. 1).Historically, ice cream’s constant consumers are children, and for years they have been the main target of manufacturers (Barrette, p. 1). Households with children sum up to 34% of total ice cream consumption, as compared to the lower 20% level reached by the household without children consumption. Nevertheless, U. S. Census Bureau predicts a declining trend in youth population for the next years, which will make producers upgrade their strategies in order to start reaching more intensively the adult consumers. There are different patterns of ice cream consumption between children and adults.As commented by Marty Hogan, director of brand management, Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Inc. , South Burlington, Vt. , â€Å"parents know that children will be perfectly satisfied with a big gallon tub of air-whipped ice cream, but mom and dad are also sneaking that Ben & Jerry’s [premium and super-premium ice cream] and putting it in the back of the freezer for themselves†. Laura Hindulak, director of marketing with Pierre’s French Ice Cream Co. , Cleveland, Ohio, seems to agree with the same statement, when she ads that â€Å"the majority of [adult] consumers are looking for truly rich and indulgent premium and super premium ice cream s.[†¦] When the choice is for full-fat, regular ice cream, consumers are willing to forgo calorie-counting and enjoy the rich, great taste that the higher butterfat flavors offer† (Cook, p. 1-2). The American ice-cream market knew sales of slightly more than $21. 6 Billion in 2005 and it is forecasted to reach about $24 Billion by 2008, after it knew a 24% growth between 1998 and 2003 (Rea, p. 1). The ice cream market is led mainly by four manufacturers, summing a little over 40% of its sales. These companies are: Unilever, Ice Cream Partners USA, Dreyers Ice Cream and Blue Bell Creameries.About 18% of sales are represented by the private label products, regional and local companies summing up to the remaining 40% of sales. (Geisler, p. 2) Divided by states, California leads the way in ice cream and frozen dessert production, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Texas, Ohio, New York and Minnesota being the other leading producing states. (Geisler, p. 2) The target market segment chous ed in this paper is represented by the Hispanic young adult population, especially between 21 and 35 years. The choice of this specific segment is due to some very important demographic and consumption data:— As of July 1, 2005, the population of Hispanics within the USA is estimated at 42. 7 million (US. Census Bureau), meaning an important market in possible consumers, that is already taken seriously into account by American producers. — Hispanics are also the fastest-growing minority group in the U. S. Between July 1, 2004 and July 1, 2005 a 3. 3% growth rate has been registered within the Hispanic population by the US. Census Bureau. This offers a sure future distribution market for the products created especially to respond to their needs.— Siboney USA, a New York-based advertising agency comments that about 70% of the entire American Hispanic population resides in six states. This can make the task of better targeting and reaching the segment a lot easier. The graph hereby presents this division of Hispanics into states. — Median age of Hispanics was 27. 2 years vs. 36. 2 years for the population as a whole in 2005 (US Census Bureau), meaning: a young population opened to new products and ideas. — Hispanics tend to consume more soft ice cream compared to the other non-Hispanics: 44 vs.37% (Banerjee A, p. 1), meaning that the rate of per capita ice cream consumption within Hispanic population is higher than for non-Hispanics. Consequently, if a product will respond to the needs of this category, it would register higher sales volumes than one that would respond to the needs of non-Hispanic population. — Hispanics tend to prefer Latino flavors: as commented by Haagen-Dazs General Manager of company’s Minneapolis location, Dawn Uremovich, the â€Å"Dulce de leche† flavor is the second most popular of the company, after vanilla.â€Å"This came from our South American market, where dulce de leche is a p opular dessert† he comments. (Hall, p. 1). This might be just the needed precedent showing that products that bring that homely feeling to the Latino population, register higher sales volume within it. 2. 2. The new product 2. 2. 1. Product Based on the demographic and consumption related information presented above, we will recommend the development and introduction on the market of a Hispanic flavored ice cream – â€Å"Sabor latino†, that will for sure interest its target segment: ice cream containing a center of Latin-traditional alcohol.The ice cream base should be vanilla or chocolate – as they continue to be the two most sold flavors in the USA (Phillips, p. 1) – already flavored with the specific alcohol. Taking into consideration the most important origins of Hispanics, drinks from their respective countries should be taken into consideration: tequila (directed especially to the Mexican origin population that sums up to 64% of total Hispanic origin population in the US – see Graph above), and rum (mainly for the Puerto Rican and Cuban population).Depending on how well received by the market the product will prove to be, future flavors like Brazilian Caipirinha and Cuban Mojito might enter on the market. 2. 2. 2. Promotion Studies show that product names and advertising in Spanish are more appealing to the Hispanic population (Accetta Smith, p. 1-2). This is also the motivation for choosing the name of the brand â€Å"Sabor latino† – â€Å"Latin flavor† that would come (at least at the beginning) with the two options – tequila and rum.The regular channels of promotions should be used, with a higher focus on the regions highly inhabited by Hispanics. As well, advertising, television, in-store point-of-purchase displays should be at least bilingual. Studies show also that Hispanic TV seems to be â€Å"twice as effective and three times more efficient than general market TV at driving Hi spanic sales† (Accetta Smith, p. 1). Therefore, a focus should be established on TV promotion within Hispanic TV channels. 2. 2. 3. PriceAccordingly to US Census Bureau and own analysis, median earnings of full-time, year-round Hispanic workers was lower than for non-Hispanic workers (about 40% lower for Hispanic males and 30% lower for Hispanic women). This is one of the main reasons that it would be recommended for Baskin-Robbins to set a conveniently lower price for this product, as to make it affordable by its target market segment. Even if the product should be design as premium or super-premium, it must be taken into consideration the lower incomes of its targeted market segment, and thus fix a lower price for it, as long as total costs allow it.2. 2. 4. Placement The first destination of the product should be the six American states that concentrate 70% of the Hispanic population presented in the first graphic of the project, using the classical channels of distribution . In a second step, other states that have high percentages of Hispanic population should be reached. 3. RECOMMENDATIONS A necessary step in the introduction of â€Å"Sabor latino† will be to develop various market study and focus groups in order to decide the best concentration of alcohol both in the body of the ice cream and in its liquid center.It must be remembered that features of the product must define it as a premium or super-premium product, in order to easily reach the young adult and adult target population. As presented by the U. S. Dairy Export Council, â€Å"super-premium ice cream tends to contain 16 to 18% milk fat and low overrun (20-50% range), making it a very dense, and ultra-rich quality dessert†. A recommended future destination for the product would be the Mexican market, as well as the other Latin American countries.At is it specified in various articles, Mexico is one of the favorite importers of American ice cream. And for sure, if one product will be designed to reach to their needs, there will be no reason for a successful exporting activity of this new Baskin-Robbins brand: â€Å"Sabor Latino†. The present exports situation is described in the table below. . REFERENCE LIST 1. Terrie Hall (2005) â€Å"Haagen Dazs franchise profile†, Merger Place 2. Koppenhoefer, Katie; Pupillo, Marti (2005) â€Å"Just the facts: ice cream sales and trends†, IDFA 3.Cook, Julie, (2002) â€Å"Adult appeal†, Stagnito Publishing 4. Banerjee, A (2000-2001) â€Å"Characterization of high risk food consumption Practices among the Hispanic population†, FoodNet 5. Rea, Amy C. (2004) â€Å"Screaming for ice cream: a rapidly growing market, ice cream nevertheless faces its share of possible demons. What will be the effect of changing demographics on the frozen treat, and how will manufacturers respond? †, Prepared Foods 6. David Phillips (2002) â€Å"Frozen favorites: Twenty five favored flavors in ice cr eam – Industry Overview†, Dairy Foods7. Sarah Barrette (2004) â€Å"Ice Cream Parlor†, SBDCNet San Antonio 8. Accetta Smith, Pamela (2004) â€Å"Cultural Demand†, Dairy Foods 9. Geisler, Malinda (2006) â€Å"Dairy Products Profile†, AgMRC, Iowa State University 10. U. S. Census Bureau (2004) â€Å"Selected Summary Measures of Age and Income by Hispanic Origin and Race: ASEC, 2004† 11. U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, â€Å"2004 Annual Social and Economic Supplement† 12. â€Å"Hispanic Americans by the numbers†, by U. S. Census Bureau, Fact Monster – www. factmonster. com/spot/hhmcensus1. html

Essay On John Locke And Thomas Hobbes - 1076 Words

John Locke and Thomas Hobbes John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, two English Enlightenment philosophers, were both very influential politically and philosophically despite having almost opposite beliefs. While each individually influenced later documents and events such as the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution, they had an equally big impact in history. Today, everyone recognizes natural rights and the modern system of government uses social contracts every day. Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 in England. He was an Enlightenment philosopher, a scientist, and a historian. Hobbes was most popular for his political philosophies. In 1651, he wrote Leviathan, a book about politics. It talked about why he favored an†¦show more content†¦The main rights he focused on were life, liberty, and property, and that all people are born equal and independent. Locke believed that people are born naturally good, reasonable, and moral (Source 4). Both men were philosophers during the Enlightenment period, an intellectual and philosophical movement which directed all ideas in Europe during the 1600’s – 1800’s. Although they agreed on some topics to a limited extent, their beliefs and philosophies were otherwise almost opposite. They came to different conclusions and standings on basically every theory, whether it was politically, theologically, philosophically, educationally or humanitarian. Man’s relation to society around him was the topic or foundation that both Hobbes and Locke focused and based all of their other philosophies on. They had different ideas about the nature of government, man in the natural state, which system of government would be ideal, religion in politics/society, and practically every other thought either man wrote or taught about. The use of social contracts was also one of the topics that they most agreed on; however, they supported it for different reasons. A social contract is when citizens willingly give up certain rights or freedoms to their government or society to ensure their own safety and keep peace and order in the society. The people still have the freedom to do whatever, but uphold the rules of the contract so others also abide by the rules creating aShow MoreRelatedThomas Hobbes and John Locke Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesHobbes and Locke John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were famous political Theorists among other things in their time. Hobbes who was born 40 years before Locke had a very different perspective to Locke and both will be examined more through this essay. Even though many of there theories were different in the sixteenth century Hobbes and Locke s theories became closer as the rise of the state and decline of the feudal system brought about the question of authority. Read MoreThomas Hobbes and John Locke Essay698 Words   |  3 Pages Hobbes and Locke both abandoned the thought of the divine right of monarchy. 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