Neighbourhood policing, is it real police work Essay

Neighbourhood policing, is it real police work - Essay Example This research paper examines that through the concept of neighborhood policing, it is clear that better solutions through cooperative efforts are being achieved. With the widespread use of these teams and the success with which they have been met, it is possible that this idea could be extended to include a greater number of community services so that through police and social services interactions, more individuals can be helped before harm comes to the community. With a wider social cooperative effort, it may be that crimes can be prevented through an understanding of events from a larger perspective. The success of this system has been through the cooperation of authoritative efforts, but this success suggests that wider use could be of service to the communities. The idea of community policing or neighborhood policing was developed in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel who was looking for a way to create a more community ideal of law enforcement. In the early 21st century, after some prelim inary efforts that started in the 1980s, Parliament has supported the idea of creating teams in communities with the intention of creating a safer nation. As a result, decreases have been seen in the crimes that specific areas have mostly been concerned about for their neighborhoods. Through cooperation, the development of these teams has put a force based on presence and interactions that have allowed for a better assessment of what is occurring so that regionally specific solutions can be developed.

Kinder Garten Math and English Game System Essay Example for Free

Kinder Garten Math and English Game System Essay My name is Robin Rutherford and I will be your child’s Kindergarten teacher this year. I am looking forward to an exciting and productive year with your child. This is my fifth year as a teacher at Parkview Elementary. I have 14 years of experience teaching Kindergarten. I graduated from TexasTech University with a degree in Early Childhood Development with a teaching certificate Pre-K through 6th grade. Over the years, I have taken many hours of professional development in order to be prepared to meet each child’s needs. I love teaching kindergarten! My mission as a teacher is to help children discover the joy of learning, and to help each child develop a strong belief in his or her own ability. I want them to do their best and to have a sense of pride in doing their personal best. It is also of primary importance to me that my students appreciate and respect other peoples’ differences. I enjoy reading, cooking, photography, scrapbooking and making jewelry. I love animals and have a Cocker Spaniel named Olivia and a Jack Russell terrier named Jack. I also have a large salt water aquarium and a cockatiel named Spike. I am a foster parent and, in time, hoping to adopt. Together we can make this year the best year possible for your child. If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to call or come up for a scheduled conference. My conference time is Monday through Friday from 12:55- 1:45. The school phone number is 817-. 237-5121. The Beginning of Kindergarten Friedrich Frobel, of Germany, was the founder of the kindergarten – meaning garden of children. The Frobel kindergarten is based on German Idealist philosophy that explored the individual and natural world. The first kindergarten was based on natural play things/toys, songs and dance that promoted cooperative members of the community, and play for all children at all social and ability levels. His philosophy was based on free self-activity, creativity, social participation, and motor expression. News Superintendent of Schools Lynne Erdle invites public input regarding development of the school districts 2013-2014 proposed operating budgets. The budget development period has arrived with the New Year and the Board of Education and district officials have begun work on next years budget. This early in the process, there are many unknowns, including Canandaiguas level of state aid proposed by their Governor, and its Tax Levy Limit for 2013-14 under the law. News The Canandaigua City School District reminds all parents and visitors to our school buildings that proper photo identification is required to be shown for receipt of a Visitor’s badge and for full access to any building during school hours. Photo IDs are inspected and Visitor’s badges are distributed at the Reception Desk at each school building. There are no exceptions to this procedure. All.. News Robyn is a certified elementary teacher and ESL teacher in Illinois, who has taught 4th-6th grade, middle school ESL, and ESL to adults. She specializes in the fields of writing, ESL, academic/career advising, and higher education. She is a professional advisor for the state of Illinois, the Managing Editor of ED News Daily, and a blogger for Chicago Now. She has been published in Linkedin Today, Edudemic, Reading Horizons, BG Patch, The Niles Bugle and more. Robyn was recently?interviewed by Xavier University, discussing her lifes dedication and work in the field of education, as part of their American Dream Project, to be released on their website soon. Robyn was a featured educator and? writer for Edutopia. org. In addition to her passion for writing, she also has a great love of higher education. She launched and managed the first graduate advising program for National Louis University, supporting over? 2,500 teachers. She holds a B. A. in Elementary Education and an M. Ed. in Curriculum and Instruction, with a concentration in ESL. News Quality Early Childhood Education The agency supports high-quality early learning that promotes kindergarten school readiness for Texas children. The State of Texas is invested in the identification and dissemination of well researched early childhood education instructional strategies. Supported through key partnerships with the Regional Education Service Centers, the Texas Early Learning Council, numerous licensed child care programs, including Head Start, Texas continues to raise the bar for quality early learning. This includes laying the foundation for all investments through the adoption of the Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines (PKG), which emphasize research-based instructional strategies that are developmentally appropriate. Intended to support all students, these guidelines also work to inform teachers in addressing the specific needs of English language learners and students with disabilities. News ABC Phonics: Sing, Sign, and Read! by Nellie Edge book and CD features an innovative â€Å"Multisensory ABC and Phonics Immersion† strategy, creating an engaging and memorable way for children to learn letters and sounds and begin the reading process. The integration of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning pathways builds success for all young learners. Delightful watercolor illustrations, ASL signs, and a team of engaging children join you on this lively musical adventure. Because still pictures alone do not fully convey the beautiful flow and motion of ASL, Sign2Me publishers has created complimentary online tutorial videos to help you learn the signs in this ABC Phonics book. â€Å"Family ABC Wall Charts† and â€Å"Parents as Partners† letters are also available. Written by Joseph Gulino A child’s readiness for formal education should not be determined solely by a calendar date and a simple skills test. â€Å"I just try to pull them through! † said the kindergarten teacher when I observed that six of the children in her class of 21 did not seem ready for kindergarten. It was December 1999, I was new to the school, and I was concerned about some behaviors the kindergartners were exhibiting, such as inability to focus or sit still for more than a few minutes, lack of knowledge of letters and numbers, and—most of all—the desire to play rather than learn. As I got to know the students in grades 1 through 8, my concerns heightened. There were five to 15 children in each grade who were either struggling or just not interested in learning. What troubled me most, however, was the lack of a formal readiness testing process as a criterion for kindergarten entry. There also was no process to inform parents regarding school readiness issues, and no organized counseling strategies to assist parents of children who were not ready for formal school experiences. School accountability and student achievement are topics of paramount significance today. But I believe it is unfair to place accountability for student achievement on education systems that not only are financially strapped but are also hindered by current enrollment practices that set up students and schools for failure. That is why it is imperative for educational leaders and legislators to revamp the early years of formal schooling by designing, implementing, and assessing school enrollment practices and procedures founded on sound research.

Global Problems :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global Problems and Non-Governmental Organizations Paper Women’s Issues The topic that I chose for this paper is women’s issues. Throughout history women have been struggling for equality and recognition. Today we have just about reached our goal. In order to maintain this equality, organizations were created to keep women and men involved in the issues that pertain to women today. In my essay I will discuss the actions of two large non-governmental organizations that deal with women’s issues. I will also add my opinion on certain issues and discuss how they are important in today’s society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first organization that I chose to research is called Face To Face. â€Å"The mission of Face To Face is to give voice to the millions of women who were denied basic human rights and freedoms.† The goal of Face To Face is to increase global awareness that women’s rights are infact human rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the issues that Face To Face deals with are HIV/AIDS awareness, family planning, female genital mutilation (FGM), maternal health, and population. The organization gives people the opportunity to voice their problems and learn about the rights that are available to them. They are also given suggestions on how to take care of their problem or if the case, where to take care of their problems. For example, in Africa, millions of women a year undergo female genital mutilation against their will because of custom and tradition. The African government doesn’t even take a stand on FGM, but â€Å"Face To Face lets women know that the women in Africa do have the right to personal security including freedom from domestic and war violence and sexual coercion.† I feel that this is an extremely important aspect of the organization. Since To Face is an international organization, they have the power to reach all different types of women with all different types of issues and are able to assist them to understand the details of their situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Face To Face calls on celebrities to represent them so that women will recognize that even celebrities can relate to their issues. This is a good idea because many women, especially adolescents look up to some celebrities as role models. It helps the organization to become widely known and gives it the ability to inform more people on the issues currently affecting women all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Face To Face takes action by creating programs such as advertising campaigns, exhibitions, television documentaries and ballets.

Measuring Quality Health Care

{draw:g} {draw:g} {draw:g} Why is a patient the most important thing when it comes to healthcare? Without a patient, there would be no healthcare. What do patients look for when it comes to getting care they need? I feel that cost is one thing, but the most important thing a patient wants is quality care. A positive patient outcome is one of the measures of quality health care. Additionally, health care workers have many roles when determining quality care. The main factor to a positive patient outcome is providing the patient with the best care that can be given. This includes what ever it takes medically to keep this person healthy. Many people are denied certain medical procedures due to the insurance company not providing the payment. Therefore, the billing clerk should try and see if there is a charity that is available or set up a payment plan. This is another approach that I feel is necessary in providing a positive patient outcome and quality care, watch for medical errors. Why? According to Stevens, there are over 50,000 people that die every year in a hospital or healthcare institution due to a medical error. Training employees and having an administrator over parts of the facility would help improve on errors. Training is the key to the problem. If an employee gets adequate training, then there is less of a chance for a mistake. Roles that health care workers have when determining quality care vary. The main role is assessing the patient, diagnose, monitor, observe treatments, and respond to changes. Other roles that are played if the patient is at home are making sure the patient is in a safe environment, communication with all parties involved, making sure the patient is eating and drinking well, keeping an eye out for changes, and make sure the patient is using proper hygiene. Measuring quality care is important for the patient as well as the facility. Without the patient, there is no facility. Keeping a patient happy, comfortable and healthy is important. There are many different roles provided by health care workers that are involved in a patient’s care, depending on the care the patient needs. The main thing is a positive patient outcome. What makes something positive? A positive health care worker makes a big influence on a positive outcome. References: Stevens, A. (2008) http://blog. sunbeltstaffing. com/medical-ethics/what-role-do-healthcare-worker

Germans and people Essay

From the very days of the establishment of Republic in Germany after WW-I, Germany lacked stability. Its foreign policy was not appreciated by Germans and people believed that the Republic was responsible for the humiliation that was meted to Germany after the war. Republic also failed to assert itself strongly in the international affairs. Added to this the great world-wide depression (1929) badly hit Germany, which was already passing through acute economic crisis. Germans felt greatly worried and disillusioned. It was at this state of economic affairs of Germany, that Hitler rose to prominence by his party ‘NAZI’. [more in the third page on Hitler’s Nazism]. RISE OF FASCISM Out of chaos and disorder, fascist party emerged with Mussolini as its leader. The Fascists wore black shirts as uniform and drilled themselves in the military companies. The found a secret organization by name ‘carbonary’ to spread nationalist ideas. The principles of fascism [a] opposed democracy, socialism and liberalism. [b]It placed the interests of the nation above all interests. [c]It deprived capitalists of all their wealth and also prohibited the labourers to go on strike. [d]they believed that their race was the most superior race in the world. They did not believe in peace. They advocated that â€Å"War to a nation what maternity is to women†. RISE OF IMPERIALISM Imperialism is a form of exploitation of one nation by another mainly for two purposes. The first being for industrial purposes and secondly aggressive nationalism. Japan attained victory over Manchuria in 1931 and started systematic conquests of mainlands in China. MILITARY PREPARATIONS Compulsory military education was introduced by Japan, Germany and Italy. Russia gathered war planes, military troops and mechanized army. FAILURE OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS The league failed to stop the race for arms while Germany and Japan did not respect the principles of League. Born in Austria in 1889, he was a great orator and public speaker. He opposed parliamentary system after being upset by Treaty of Versailles. His book ‘Mein Kamf’ became a sort of Nazi Bible. All those who opposed him were hunted out of the country or lead to the gallows. After the post of Chancellor, he declared himself as dictator of Germany and rose to power of prominence admist of Germans economic crisis. Hitler’s imperialistic devices caused tensions in the world and became responsible for another World War. MUSSOLINI Mussolini was born 1883. He started his political career as a socialist agitator. He advocated anti-communist ideas. His fascist party was supported by industrialists. Mussolini joined hands with Hitler and signed an anti-communist pact and thus caused the outbreak of World War-II. Finally he was killed by his own people and fascism came to an end. SPAIN WAR and JAPAN’s attack on Pearl Harbour infuriated another Super Power America and promulgated the outbreak of WW-II.

Affirmitive Action programs essays

Affirmitive Action programs essays I agree that putting affirmative action programs into practice is the best solution to providing equal employment opportunities for everyone regardless of ethnic background, gender or physical abilities. The affirmative action program ensures that an employer will appeal to every individual to apply for a position offered, and allow every applicant an opportunity to represent himself in an interview. Over the past centuries, there has been discrimination against women as homemakers that are only capable of raising children and keeping a house clean. Even it todays politically correct world, women are still stuck under the glass ceiling. In workplaces that are mainly dominated by physically fit men such as the military, there is a bias against individuals that do not meet the high physical standards. In more recent years, there has been a trend for employers to discriminate against individuals because of their race. Affirmative action programs will guarantee that employers will have h ire qualified individuals from all backgrounds. There is a notion that employers would rather hire a male than a female even if both applicants possess the same skills. In general, employers believe that it would be to their disadvantage to hire women because they are viewed as individuals that tend to keep to themselves and do not work well with others, especially men. Women have tried to break away from this obstructive notion by acquiring skills such as an education specifically related to their career. Lately, women have been more successful in attaining jobs because they are being recognized for the skills they possess but they are still being held back from holding top positions. This bias against women holding positions in the upper ranks of companies is known as the glass ceiling. The glass ceiling is a notion that women will never hold an executive position that is primarily male dominated. ...

What to Do When Youre Accepted to Grad School

What to Do When You're Accepted to Grad School You eagerly rip open the envelope: ACCEPTED! Success! Youve worked long and hard to obtain a range of necessary experiences, including a high GPA, research and practical experiences, and good relationships with faculty. You successfully navigated the application process, which is no easy feat. Regardless, many applicants feel both elated and puzzled after receiving word of their acceptance to graduate school. Elation is obvious but confusion is also common, as students wonder about their next steps. So what should you do after learning that you are accepted to graduate school? Get Excited First, take the time to enjoy this fantastic moment. Experience excitement and emotions as you see fit. Some students cry, others laugh, some jump up and down, and others dance. After spending the last year or more focused on the future, enjoy the moment. Happiness is a normal and expected response to being accepted and choosing a graduate program. However many students are surprised that they also feel antsy and even a little sad. Unsettling feelings are common and are usually an expression of emotional exhaustion after the stress of waiting for an extended period of time. Survey the Terrain Get your bearings. How many applications did you submit? Is this your first acceptance letter? It may be tempting to accept an offer immediately but if you have applied to other graduate programs, wait. Even if you are not waiting to hear about other applications, do not immediately accept the offer. Carefully consider the offer and the program before accepting or declining an offer of admission. Never Hold on Two or More Offers If you are fortunate, this admissions offer is not your first. Some applicants prefer to hold on to all admissions offers and make a decision once they have heard from all graduate programs. I advise against holding onto multiple offers for at least two reasons. First, choosing among graduate programs is challenging. Deciding among three or more offers of admission, considering all of the pros and cons, is overwhelming and can impair decision-making. Second, and more importantly, holding onto an offer of admission that you do not intend to accept prevents wait-listed applicants from gaining admission. Clarify Details As you consider offers, examine the specifics. Are you going for a masters or doctorate? Have you been offered financial aid? A teaching position or research assistantship? Do you have enough financial aid, loans, and cash to afford graduate study? If you have two offers, one with aid and one without, you might explain this to your contact in admissions and hope for a better offer. At any rate, be sure you know what you are accepting (or declining). Make a Decision In many cases, decision-making entails choosing among two graduate programs. What factors do you consider? Consider funding, academics, reputation, and your gut intuition. Also consider your personal life, your own desires, and your quality of life. Dont just look within. Talk to other people. Close friends and family know you well and can offer a fresh perspective. Professors can discuss the decision from an academic and career development perspective. Ultimately, the decision is yours. Weigh the pros and cons. Once you have reached a decision, dont look back. Graduate Programs Once you have made a decision, do not hesitate to inform graduate programs. This is especially true of the program whose offer you are declining. Once they receive word that you are declining their offer of admission, they are free to inform applicants on the wait list of their admittance. How do you accept and decline offers? Email is an entirely appropriate means of communicating your decision. If you accept and decline offers of admission by email, remember to be professional. Use proper forms of address and a polite, formal writing style thanking the admissions committee. Then either accept or decline the offer of admission. Celebrate Now that the work of evaluating, decision making, and informing graduate programs is done, celebrate. The waiting period is done. The difficult decisions are over. You know what you will be doing next year. Enjoy your success.

Editing Services for Graduate School Essays

Editing Services for Graduate School Essays There are several steps involved in the process of writing a quality graduate school essay. As previously covered, it is important to maintain a regimented work schedule in order to give yourself plenty of time to create a good outline as well as several written drafts of your paper. Once you have completed all of these steps and are satisfied with the content and structure of your paper, you can begin the final phase of editing. In my opinion, the most difficult part of writing a graduate school essay is having to edit it. As someone who has written several graduate school essays, I have found that after writing and rewriting a composition numerous times, it is very difficult to be impartial during the editing process. That is why I recommend that anyone working on a graduate school essay enlist the services of a processional editor to review his or her paper. There are many online editing services available to students working on graduate school essays. If you are interested in utilizing the services of a professional editor, I strongly recommend that you contact a reputable editing company. Make sure that the editor and/or editors reviewing your paper are well educated and highly trained in the editing process. Request to reveiw samples of previous work and dont hesitate to ask lots of questions. Hiring a professional editor to review my graduate school essay was one of the best decisions I ever made. If you are interested in learning more about editing services for graduate school essays or if you would like some tips on writing graduate school personal statements, please dont hesitate to click on the link provided. This link will direct you to an excellent online resource where you can find more info.

The diverse world of nonhuman primates( for Bioogical Anthropology) Essay

The diverse world of nonhuman primates( for Bioogical Anthropology) - Essay Example Physically, gorillas are strong mammals weighing between 70 and 200 kilograms depending on their size, gender, eating habits and environment. They are huge and broad and amongst them, mountain gorillas generally do not climb trees whereas in contrast, the lowland gorillas are arboreal ( Murray, 2002). Male gorillas possess a greater brain capacity and the teeth structure of gorillas is similar to humans. Their reproductive cycle is one month long and only extracted by behavioral changes instead of physical ones and the inter birth interval of gorillas is around 4 years. Once babies are born, they are dependent on female gorillas, their mothers that is till the time they reach maturity which means around seven to fifteen years, depending on the gender. Males require more time than females (Welvaert, 2005). When young, gorillas are taught things like protecting themselves, finding out food for them, adapting to live in the habitat and other necessary things to become independent. Male gorillas play a very small role in upbringing of their offspring except that they protect them from external threats. Gorillas are basically herbivores and are dependent upon vegetation in their surroundings. The greater chunk of their diet is attributed to fruits while the remaining to stems, grass and seeds. They occasionally eat small bugs and termites also but that is a very negligible portion of their diet.(Welvaert, 2005) The social organization of gorillas is very interesting. A band of gorillas can involve few individuals which could m up to 30 or more in number. The most dominant adult is responsible for the group and takes care of the females and the young with some help from the younger males. The groups usually follow a polygamous mating system. They have the freedom to choose their partners and form groups with either other males, females that belong to their own bands or stay with their initial groups(Welvaert, 2005). They live in a

Global Perspectives Mid-term Memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Perspectives Mid-term Memo - Assignment Example 1) The rising Human Development Index (UNDP Report, 2010) a) A recent UNDP report published in 2010 has identified a rise in the index of human development for Belarus. i) Human Development Index (HDI) is an internationally accepted measure of national development. It assesses health, income, education and some other trends for a country. ii) The recent rise is not sudden and the country is steady moving up in the ladder.HDI has risen from 0.619 to 0.624 in 2010. iii) The country is categorized as a country with High Human Development in this report which means a developed country. b) We can assume following from the HDI rise; i) Higher buying power at consumer level. ii) Higher level service expectations from the consumers. iii) Belarus social indicators are satisfactory and if these trends continue to flourish there are bright chance of business in this country. iv) Encouraging business environment. 2) Belarus’s Economic Environment a) A Highly industrialized state with many features of planned economy. i) A country with a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of US$ 1,590. ii) A decline in Belarus GDP was observed in 2009 as it dropped to US$ 48.984007391 billion from US$ 60.7634483146 billion of 2008 and was ranked 70th in the world. iii) A net inflow of foreign direct investment was declared to be US$ 1.8844 billion. (World Bank, 2011) b) A strict control government over the prices and private enterprises makes the business environment difficult for foreign investors. i) Rigorous government inspections to ensure policy compliance. ii) A higher frequency of policy and business regulation changes. iii) An overall restrictive business environment. iv) A strict control government over the prices and private enterprises makes the business environment difficult for foreign investors. (Economy Watch, 2011) c) Our recommendation from business point of view are as follows; i) Government should move towards market driven economy ii) State control over privat e enterprises should be reviewed and removed iii) Competitive business environment should be provided to business community iv) Tax free and investment friendly policies should be introduced to support direct foreign investment. 3) Belarus’s Political Environment a) Belarus had declared its independence in 1994. It is presidential republic, governed by the President Alexander Lukashenko, the National Assembly and a Council of the Republic. The President is ruling the country for last sixteen years and has got legitimacy through controversial referendum process. Most of the Western powers have termed the rule of Lukashenko as a dictatorship. i) Human rights violations are witnessed commonly. ii) Several opposition parties exist but are strictly suppressed in the country. iii) However, government controlled Belarusian telegraph agency declared the political situation in the country as ‘calm’ in a recent survey. (Belta, 2010). b) We suggest following political steps in Belarus; i) Restoration of true democracy ii) More political freedom to the masses, particularly suppressed opposition parties iii) Respect of human right at all level of the society iv) Frees press and media policies Under these circumstances business operations in Belarus does not suits

Working with the nurse in charge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working with the nurse in charge - Essay Example The attitude of this nurse led me to the realization that just like the patients, the nurses that I will be working with in the future will have different characters and dispositions that I will also need to learn to adjust to if I am to have a successful working relationship with my nurses in order to ensure the proper treatment and overseeing of my patients assigned to them. We only had one patient to take care of so I assisted the nurse with the feeding and performed a head to to assessment of the patient while also doing my part in helping to medicate the patient.   The patient was a 94-year old female who was quite nice to the nurses. Prior to my approaching her, I was warned that she was having trouble distinguishing between persons, places, and the time. However, I did not pick up on any of those traits while I was interviewing her. Rather, I found her to be quite open and entertaining as she spent some time on her phone talking to her 73 year old son who was her primary car e taker. She asked me once to assist her in increasing the volume on her phone while she was using it. She was basically a very nice and cooperative patient who, at the end of my time with her asked me to do only one thing when I asked if there was anything else I could do for her. She replied, â€Å"Yes, just leave me alone.† She asked so nicely that I found myself smiling at her as I accomodated her request.   Basically, the 94 year old patient made what could have been the worst duty day of my life one of the best.  

William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

William Shakespeares Macbeth - Essay Example Thus, there are spectacular evidences all through the characterisation and the plot of the play which suggest the importance of the Elizabethan culture in the representation of 'gender' in Macbeth. Therefore, a paradox of sexual confusion and gender roles is evident at the heart of the play. "'Macbeth, a virile warrior-hero, is at the same time an 'unfinished man' who murders because he has been convinced by his wife that only through violence will he achieve a state of heroism. His manhood, displayed in the utterly 'masculine' form of bloodshed, is not self-determined or innate, but rather infused into him by Lady Macbeth." (Sch'rkhuber, 2007, p. 75). Therefore, this paper analyses Shakespeare's representation of 'gender' in Macbeth and compares it with the representation of 'gender' in the 21st Century referring to current literature, media, and poetry. One of the central concerns of the critics of the play Macbeth has been the author's representation of feminism in the play which is noted for the reversal of gender roles. Thus, one finds that the playwright has been interested in representing females as dominating their counterparts and the major characters and themes of the play depict the difference in the sexual representation of males and females. Whereas both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are obsessed by the same passion of ambition, the playwright represents its effect differently in males and females. Lady Macbeth, the chief representative of females in the play, evidently violates the natural law concerning gender roles and the character of Macbeth enhances the reversal of gender roles in the play. "Both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are fired by the same passion of ambition. However, while Macbeth is presented as violating moral law, Lady Macbeth seems to violate natural law: she is unfeminine. By eliminating in herself and her hus band tenderness, pity and vulnerability to feeling - human qualities her culture tends to associate with women - Lady Macbeth becomes half man herself. Through his efforts to be supreme among all men, Macbeth re-enacts the ambivalence of his sexual identity: the more he tries to prove his masculinity, the greater his fusion with Lady Macbeth." (Sch'rkhuber, 2007, p. 75). Therefore, it is palpable to a careful reader of the tragedy that Lady Macbeth makes an essential attempt to assume masculine characteristics which can make herself a stronger person. In addition, she also disparages her male counterpart, Macbeth, by attacking his own masculinity. "Macbeth shows a reversal in gender roles. The play questions what constitutes masculinity and femininity. It is important to Macbeth to be seen as a strong, powerful man. Lady Macbeth taunts him and mocks his sexuality to force him to get the courage to kill Duncan." (Thacker, 2008). In a careful analysis of the representation of feminism and masculinity in the play, one recognises that there is an evident reversal of gender roles by the playwright which can be comprehended as an attempt to identify with the contemporary Elizabethan culture.

Poetry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Poetry - Assignment Example The romantic poets were at the heart of the movement, where they got inspired by desire for liberty, and denounced exploitation of the poor. They highly placed emphasis on the importance of every individual and emphasized that ideals should be followed instead of the rules and conventions that were imposed. The romantics poets were known for renouncing rationalism associated with the enlightment era and stressing on the importance of individuals expressing authentic feelings. They used poetry to inform and inspire for the change of the society (Tomain, 1053). Modernist poets are poets of the twentieth and twenty first century. The modernist poets are known for strong emphasis on use of imagery and emotional content. The poetry also uses a lot of rhyming and includes modern movements like beat poetry. They experiment a lot with new mode of expression and have many ways of expressing ideas. Modernist poets also use new and a wide range of themes and subjects compared to the traditional poetry that had limited subjects (Tomain

William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

William Shakespeares Macbeth - Essay Example Thus, there are spectacular evidences all through the characterisation and the plot of the play which suggest the importance of the Elizabethan culture in the representation of 'gender' in Macbeth. Therefore, a paradox of sexual confusion and gender roles is evident at the heart of the play. "'Macbeth, a virile warrior-hero, is at the same time an 'unfinished man' who murders because he has been convinced by his wife that only through violence will he achieve a state of heroism. His manhood, displayed in the utterly 'masculine' form of bloodshed, is not self-determined or innate, but rather infused into him by Lady Macbeth." (Sch'rkhuber, 2007, p. 75). Therefore, this paper analyses Shakespeare's representation of 'gender' in Macbeth and compares it with the representation of 'gender' in the 21st Century referring to current literature, media, and poetry. One of the central concerns of the critics of the play Macbeth has been the author's representation of feminism in the play which is noted for the reversal of gender roles. Thus, one finds that the playwright has been interested in representing females as dominating their counterparts and the major characters and themes of the play depict the difference in the sexual representation of males and females. Whereas both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are obsessed by the same passion of ambition, the playwright represents its effect differently in males and females. Lady Macbeth, the chief representative of females in the play, evidently violates the natural law concerning gender roles and the character of Macbeth enhances the reversal of gender roles in the play. "Both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are fired by the same passion of ambition. However, while Macbeth is presented as violating moral law, Lady Macbeth seems to violate natural law: she is unfeminine. By eliminating in herself and her hus band tenderness, pity and vulnerability to feeling - human qualities her culture tends to associate with women - Lady Macbeth becomes half man herself. Through his efforts to be supreme among all men, Macbeth re-enacts the ambivalence of his sexual identity: the more he tries to prove his masculinity, the greater his fusion with Lady Macbeth." (Sch'rkhuber, 2007, p. 75). Therefore, it is palpable to a careful reader of the tragedy that Lady Macbeth makes an essential attempt to assume masculine characteristics which can make herself a stronger person. In addition, she also disparages her male counterpart, Macbeth, by attacking his own masculinity. "Macbeth shows a reversal in gender roles. The play questions what constitutes masculinity and femininity. It is important to Macbeth to be seen as a strong, powerful man. Lady Macbeth taunts him and mocks his sexuality to force him to get the courage to kill Duncan." (Thacker, 2008). In a careful analysis of the representation of feminism and masculinity in the play, one recognises that there is an evident reversal of gender roles by the playwright which can be comprehended as an attempt to identify with the contemporary Elizabethan culture.

Analysis of Steve Jobs as an entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Steve Jobs as an entrepreneur - Essay Example This study will look to analyse Steve Jobs as an entrepreneur by evaluating him with Saras D. Sarasvathy’s work on ‘Effectuation: Elements of Entrepreneurial Expertise’. The study by Saras D. Sarasvathy (2003) was done with an endeavour to seek an answer to question related to the fact that ‘what makes a successful entrepreneur’s brain different from the average person’ (Young Money, LLC, 2011). The main findings of the study were related to ‘process elements of entrepreneurial expertise’, ‘principles of entrepreneurial expertise’, and ‘effectuation: the logic of entrepreneurial expertise’ (Sarasvathy, 2003). The conclusion that Saras D. Sarasvathy derived from her research was that most successful entrepreneurs generally rely on the factor of ‘effectual reasoning’. It means that they primarily define their goals based on the choices as well as the means they are provided with. Successful entr epreneurs are observed to be brilliant improvisers. They generally do not start their business venture with tangible goals, but they look to constantly assess situation to find ways to make most effective utilisation of the available resources. They look to use their personal strengths in order to develop different goals extemporaneously.

Business Ethics Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics Essay Fred, a 17-year employee with Sams Sauna, was fired for poor job performance and poor attendance, after accruing five disciplinary penalties within a 12-month period under the companys progressive disciplinary policy. A week later, Fred told his former supervisor that he had a substance abuse problem. Although there was no employee assistance program in place and the company had not been aware of Freds condition, their personnel director assisted Fred in obtaining treatment by allowing him to continue receiving insurance benefits and approved his unemployment insurance claim. Fred subsequently requested reinstatement, maintaining that he had been rehabilitated since his discharge and was fully capable of being a productive employee. He pointed to a letter written by his treatment counselor, which said that his prognosis for leading a clean, sober lifestyle was a big incentive for him. Fred pleaded for another chance, arguing that his past problems resulted from drug addiction and that Sams Saunas should have recognized and provided treatment for the problem. Sams Saunas countered that Fred should have notified his supervisor of his drug problem, and that everything possible had been done to help him receive treatment. Moreover, the company stressed that the employee had been fired for poor performance and absenteeism. Use of the progressive discipline policy had been necessary because the employee had committed a string of offenses over the course of a year, including careless workmanship, distracting others, wasting time, and disregarding safety rules. Questions: 1) Should Fred be reinstated? 2) Was the company fair to Fred in helping him receive treatment? 3) Did the personnel director behave ethically toward Fred? 4) Did he act ethically for his company? 5) Would it be fair to other employees to reinstate Fred?

Effects of Counterfeit Goods on Customer Preferences

Effects of Counterfeit Goods on Customer Preferences The purpose of this research is to observe the Customer preferences of Pakistani people towards the counterfeit products in regards of fashion accessories and their purchase behavior and how does it affect the original brands. The people of Pakistan are considered to have distinctively different views towards the international brands as all of them want to use those brands but cannot afford it. Therefore they shift towards the counterfeit product of those brands. The main purpose is to see which factors play important role in shaping the customer preference, how it effect their purchase behavior and find out which factor helps the original brand in combating against counterfeit product. This research would help to understand the collaboration among counterfeit products and their respective original brand. Background: People of Pakistan are becoming more and more aware of brands due to the globalization. People are exposed to many brands and that is leading towards a trend that everyone wants to use a branded product and if they cannot afford it they switch towards the counterfeit products of that brand. Fashion industry has boomed over the years which means many different brands are introduce into the market. Pakistani youth is following fashion and brands are there to guide them. Our country has a huge power distance in the economy which means that not all of us can afford to get branded products to fulfill our need to follow fashion, therefore due to this sole reason counterfeit industry is increasing day by day. Pakistan is ranked as 44th country in total losses in net income due to counterfeit products. Total of $358 million losses in net income is recorded due to counterfeiting which shows that counterfeit industry has grown in past few years. This indicate that the purchasing behavior of the customers has shifted towards the counterfeit products rather than the original brand, but to which extend that cannot be determined. (Havoc scope, 2012) Pakistani fashion industry is rapidly grown industry with all of its commercial and cultural aspects. Interestingly, like other industries in Pakistan, Pakistan fashion industry has never seen the fall in its history. The popularity, success and liking of this huge enterprise are because of the urge of men and women to look stylish and up to dated. So it has been widely accepted, appreciated confessing the positive role of Pakistani fashion industry in raising awareness about the latest fashion among people of all classes. Certainly, Pakistan fashion industry is touching its height, striving to get more and more appreciation on international level, but on the other hand, it has to focus more on the marketing tactics (besides improving more and more) to occupy international market. (Fashion47pk, 2012) The growing menace of counterfeit products has become a serious problem for buyers and producers of fast moving consumer goods, so the countrys law enforcement agencies must acquire the ability to investigate this white-collar crime, says an expert. According to an international report about 65% of the goods being sold in the country are fake, which are harming the consumers, producers and the economy, said by a leading Intellectual Property Lawyer, who was appointed by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to draft rules for intellectual property laws of Pakistan. (APP, 2012) Basically this research is a tentative study of Pakistani customer preference towards counterfeit products, their purchasing behavior and how does it affect the original brand, thus helping us to understand the relationship between the counterfeit products and the original brand. Chapter 1 Introduction: The purpose of this research is to understand the consumer preference criteria of the counterfeit products of the original brand. Pakistans fashion industry is growing and everyone is getting aware about the brands and the need is driven to accessorize in the daily life. Due to the social media and social networking the peer pressure is increasing and the youngster would do anything to fit in. Economic conditions of Pakistan are fluctuating due to which everyone cannot afford to buy branded accessories so they switch to counterfeit. Price is the major factor in the usage of counterfeit but the question rises that which factors contribute in developing the customer preference, customer purchasing behavior and how does they affect the original brand. Our research would be the combination of different research methods. In correlational research method we would conduct a systematic investigation of the impact of counterfeit products on the preference of customer, their purchasing behavior therefore its effect the original brand and the survey tool will be used. Experimental research method would be used to conduct the quasi experiment and double blind testing as there result would provide a conclusive result of the interdependence of the variable include in the research. In general our research would be the mixture of both qualitative and quantitative research therefore we will use the method of triangulation thus giving us a broad spectrum for finding their absolute results. In triangulation approach we will use both the technique that is the data and methodological approach because by using different methods, data sources we can counterbalance bias characteristic in a specific data source. Now coming towards the industry in which our research would be conducted and that is Fashion industry. Fashion industry is very vast; it includes cloth, make up, shoes, accessories, furniture and body piercing. Fashion industry started booming in Pakistan and the big advantage it gained was that it had the glimpse of various civilizations in it. The remarkable change in the Fashion Industry of Pakistan started with the beginning of 21st century, when the young designers tried to give a new direction to fashion in Pakistan. Our research would focus on the accessories segment of the fashion industry. Due to globalization every country is bombarded with international brands and the level of competition has gone up. Now Pakistani designers are known in international markets and many international shows feel proud to invite them, this not only improves the content of their runway, but also projects the soft image of the country as a talented young generation. In Pakistan both the domestic and international brands of this segment has created a buzz; which in result created a wave in the youth of our country. Everyone is accessorizing to fit in and using these different brands helps them to acquire a status co which would otherwise take time without these brands. Therefore our research would help us in determining the factor that drives the customer preference, the factors that control their purchasing behavior and would identify their roles which would be a set of guidelines for the original brands that will not only provides them information to combat with counterfeit but also how to avoid the process on the whole. Scope: Our research would be steered in accessories segment of fashion industry because in this segment counterfeiting is most common in our country. Our population would be the twin cities (Islamabad, Rawalpindi) because in both cities major markets the counterfeit products and original brands are coexisting. This research would be beneficial to major brands whose market share is being damaged by these counterfeit products. Objective: Our research revolves around the effect of counterfeit products on specific attributes and their impact on original brand so our objective would be: General objectives: Find out the factors that affect the perception of a brand or counterfeit products. Find out reasons for a customer purchasing behavior towards a brand or counterfeit products. Notice external factors that may take role in the relationship among counterfeit products and their respected brands. Specific objectives: Conduct a double blind test Conduct a quasi-experiment (per and post design) Arrange a focus group Research model: The model that is going to be used in this research would be a blend of elements that are affecting the major attributes. The structure of the model would start form the counterfeit products factors or aspect that are going to influence the customer. Customer main perspective that would be looked upon is their preference and their buying behavior then their effect onto the original brand. The main model would be like; This model can further be break down into smaller model explaining the processes and proving the assumed hypothesis. Definition of terms: The main terminologies used in this research can be defined as: Counterfeit Product They are the fake replicas of the original brand; it includes any product containing an unauthorized representation of a trade mark or logo. Counterfeit product tricks the customer in making them believe that they are purchasing a legitimate product as it has similarities with the original brand and they are not easily differentiated. They are created to take advantage of the established worth of the original brand and grab their market share. In general it is the practice of manufacturing goods, often of inferior quality, and selling them under a brand name without the brand owners authorization. Customer Preference It can be define as the likeness or the choice of selecting product over the other product. If a customer generally likes a product, it can stay around for years and sell millions of copies. However, if customer do not likes the product, it could disappear very quickly. Customer preference is no doubt dependent upon culture, education, and individual tastes and among a plethora of other factors. It permits the customer to rank products according to the levels of utility they give the consumer. Customer Purchasing Behavior It can be assumed as the decision process by which customer search, select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in satisfaction of their needs and wants. This behavior is driven by the cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. Since every person in the world is different, it is impossible to have simple rules that explain how purchasing decisions are made. So put it simply it comprise of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy it. Research Question: This research would emphasis on these simple questions that are: Do counterfeit products create such a habitual buying behavior that consumers dont revert back to original brands even if they are offering better features? Determine what factors play important role in shaping customer preference with respect to counterfeit products? Determine which factors play important roles in influencing customer purchasing behavior with respect to counterfeit products? What are the factors shifting customer preference towards counterfeit goods? Effects of counterfeit product on customers who are used to buy original brands? What factors will improve the image of original brand and help in combating against counterfeit product used by different companies? Hypothesis: H0: Counterfeit products dont effect the customers who buys original brand H1: Counterfeit products does effect the costumers who buys original brand H0: Customers who are appearance conscious do not have a positive relationship with intensity to buy counterfeit product H1: Customers who are appearance conscious do have a positive relationship with intensity to buy counterfeit product H0: Counterfeit products appearance do not effect customers preference towards the original brand H1: Counterfeit products appearance do effect customers preference towards the original brand H0: The use of counterfeit product do not shift the customers preference of original brand H1: The use of counterfeit product do shift the customers preference of original brand H0: Materialism towards counterfeit product has positive influence on customer purchasing behavior H1: Materialism towards counterfeit product has negative influence on customer purchasing behavior

Gender Inequalities in Access to Schooling in Pakistan Essay -- Girls

Education is a precious thing that holds the future for all young human beings. It allows us to learn, to grow, and to become functional and responsible citizens of society and the competitive world. Without education, people will not be able to do the things that they want to in the future in order to advance their dreams to improve their lives and society. They will not be able to learn new things, new ideas, and new skills in order to advance the stages of human growth and development. They will be barricaded behind the barriers of ignorance, isolation, and despair. While students in the industrialized developed world have the right and ability to go to school and learn without barriers, it is not the same for the rest of the countries that are categorized as part of the developing world. Girls in developing countries such as Pakistan, do not have the full access and ability to go to school and are facing cultural, political, and economic barriers that are inhibiting the ability of these kids from entering school. The Pakistani government should take responsibility in solving the country’s education crisis by reforming its education system to make it accessible for Pakistani girls who are not able to go school. Girls represent a strong majority of those who can’t go to school. According to an article by Omar Waraich from Time Magazine, Mosharraf Zaidi, the campaign director of an education advocacy group called â€Å"Alif Ailaan†, stated that 61% of the 25 million Pakistani children who can't go to school are girls. Cultural barriers of male-dominated patriarchy, inherited from the era of British colonialism and traditional Indian culture as according to Latif, are one of the factors that prevent girls from going to sch... ...?" Education Economics 17.3 (2009): 329-54. Web. 9  Dec.  2013. Callum, Christine, Zeba Sathar, and Minhaj ul Haque. "Is Mobility the Missing Link in Improving Girls' Schooling in Pakistan?" Asian Population Studies 8.1 (2012): 5-22. Web. 9  Dec.  2013. Ghuman, Sharon, and Cynthia Lloyd. "Teacher Absence as a Factor in Gender Inequalities in Access to Primary Schooling in Rural Pakistan." Comparative Education Review 54.4 (2010): 539-54. Web. 9  Dec.  2013. Kingston, Anne. "Teen Idol." Maclean's 126.48 (2013): 65-6. Web. 9  Dec.  2013. Latif, Amna. "A Critical Analysis of School Enrollment and Literacy Rates of Girls and Women in Pakistan." Educational Studies 45.5 (2009): 424-39. Web. 9  Dec.  2013. Waraich, Omar. "‘There Are Thousands of Malalas’: What Pakistan’s Teenage Activist Has Already Won." TIME.com. Time Magazine, 11  Oct.  2013. Web. 9  Dec.  2013.

Recent Changes in Indian Capital Markets

Recent changes in Indian Capital markets Introduction A capital market is a market for securities (debt or equity), where business enterprises (companies) and governments can raise long-term funds. It is defined as a market in which money is provided for periods longer than a year, as the raising of short-term funds takes place on other markets (e. g. , the money market). The capital market includes the stock market (equity securities) and the bond market (debt).Money markets and capital markets are parts of financial markets. Financial regulators, such as the UK's Financial Services Authority (FSA) or the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), oversee the capital markets in their designated jurisdictions to ensure that investors are protected against fraud, among other duties. Capital markets may be classified as primary markets and secondary markets. In primary markets, new stock or bond issues are sold to investors via a mechanism known as underwriting.In the secondary ma rkets, existing securities are sold and bought among investors or traders, usually on a securities exchange, over-the-counter, or elsewhere. The primary market is the channel for creation of new securities. These securities are issued by public limited companies or by government agencies’ In the primary market, the resources are mobilized either through the public issue or through private placement route. It is a public issue if anybody and everybody can subscribe for it, whereas if the issue is made available to a selected group of persons it is termed as private placement.There are two major types of issuers of securities, the corporate entities who issue mainly debt and equity instruments and the Government (Central as well as State) who issue debt securities. These new securities issued in the primary market are traded in the secondary market. The secondary market enables participants who hold securities to adjust their holdings in response to changes in their assessment of risks and returns. Industry raises finance from the Indian capital market with the help of a number of instruments. Corporate have a choice of : – (1) Equity finance, and 2) Debt finance. Experience in the different countries has varied. Substituting equity finance for debt finance makes domestic firms less vulnerable to fluctuations in earnings or increases in interest rates. During the last decade, more than a third of the increase in net assets of large firms in Chile, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Taiwan and Thailand has been secured through equity issuance. This pattern contrasts sharply with that of the industrial countries, in which equity financing during the same period has accounted for less than 5 percent of the growth in net assets.The recent massive structural reforms on the economic and industry front in the form of de-licensing rupee convertibility, tapping of foreign funds, allowing foreign investors to come to India, have resulted, on one hand, in the qua ntum leap in activities/volume in the Indian capital market, and on the other hand and more importantly, that the Indian capital market has undergone a metamorphosis in terms of institutions, instruments, etc. The capital market in India is rightly termed as an emerging and promising capital market.The buoyancy in the capital market has appeared as a result of increasing industrialization, growing awareness globalization of the capital market, etc. Several financial institutions, financial instruments and financial services have emerged as a result of economic liberalization policy of the Government of India. Future of the capital market In the liberalized economic environment, the capital market is all set to play a highly critical role in the process of economic development.The Indian capital market has to arrange funds to meet the financial needs of both domestic and foreign resources. What is more critical is that the changed environment is characterized by cutthroat competition . Ability of enterprises to mobilize funds at cheap cost will determine their competitiveness vis-a-vis their rivals. Changes in the capital market Four sets of changes in the Indian capital market can be identified which set the market of the twenty-first century different from what obtained earlier.These can be categorized as follows:  »Introduction of new institutions  »Introduction of new instruments  »Changes in administrative control and regulatory framework  »Some recent initiatives Introduction of New Institutions The composition of the Indian capital market has undergone a total change. Till very recent times, Bombay Stock Exchange dominated the capital market in India. The daily turnover on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) alone exceeded the total turnover of all other exchanges put together.The BSE with the monopolistic claw like control over the market was posing a severe constraint on the spread and diversification of the capital market culture. It was content wi th practicing non-transparent time and resource consuming trading practices that failed to evoke confidence among new investors, both in primary and secondary market. Its trading practices were becoming somewhat totally out of tune with the ongoing communication revolution in India and worldwide. In response to this, the most important are the OTCEI and NSE.What is more important is that the NSE has worked as a catalyst of change for other exchanges, which are introducing on-line trading systems. Along with NSE, mutual funds have also emerged in the country. Different types of mutual funds catering to the needs of different types of investors have been set up in the country. The increasing growth of the capital market has witnessed the mergence of foreign institutional investors (FIIs) as significant players. Their sale and purchase decisions are already having a significant impact on the market conditions.Along with these new players, a set of new supporting institutions have also emerged on the horizon such as the Discount and Finance House of India, Securities Trading Corporation of India, Stock Holding Corporation of India, settlement and depository systems, etc. Introduction of New Instruments Capital market instruments are responsible for generating funds for companies, corporations and sometimes national governments. These are used by the investors to make a profit out of their respective markets. There are a number of capital market instruments used for market trade, including – * Stocks Bonds * Debentures * Treasury-bills * Foreign Exchange * Fixed deposits, and others Along with new institutions, new instruments have emerged on the capital market. These encompass both the domestic instruments and foreign instruments. Many new instruments of finance have already been introduced in recent years. Still, the current intensity of the Indian financial market reveals that there is a tremendous scope to deploy new financing instruments connected to eq uity, debentures, bonds, add-on products and derivatives.This may require appropriate changes in certain economic legislations and the will on the part of the Indian corporate enterprises to take risks and tune their decision-making to the investor psychology and market preferences. Changes in Rules and Regulations Responding to the changes in the environment, the administrative framework has also undergone a total overhaul. The earlier chains have been totally removed. The Controller of Capital Issues has been done away with. The Indian capital market has been left free to find its own depth and strength.However, it is a paradox of a free market economy that whenever chains are removed effective watchdogs have to be employed. This latter function has now been entrusted to the Securities and Exchange Board of India. Under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was formed as an autonomous body empowered to regulate the stock exchanges, brokers, merchant bankers, mutual funds, underwriters and various other financial advisors and market intermediaries.The two pronged fundamental objectives of SEBI became investor protection and the orderly growth of the Indian Capital Market. The SEBI has been laying down guidelines to be followed by different players in the different segments of the market. Some Recent Initiatives  »Buy-back of shares by corporate has been permitted; this will enable the promoters of Indian companies to consolidate their positions.  »Disclosure of end use of funds raised in public issue in annual statements; it will impart transparency to the manner in which the funds raised from the public are deployed.This will also impose greater accountability on companies.  »One-time waiver of capital gains tax for corporatization of stock broking tickets; this will result in speeding up the pace of professionalization of stock broking operations, which will benefit investors.  »Provi sion of nomination facility in share certificates; this will ease procedures for transfer of shares in the names of the nominee in case of death of the shareholder. In short, the capital market has witnessed metamorphic changes in recent past and is all set to meet the varied needs of the changed liberalized economic environment.Globalization and the Indian capital market With the gradual opening up of the Indian economy, increasing importance of foreign portfolio investment in the Indian markets and drastic reduction in import tariffs that has exposed Indian companies to foreign competition, Indian capital market is acquiring a global image. Till recently, participants in the Indian capital market could largely afford to ignore what happened in other parts of the world. Share prices largely behaved as if the rest of the world just did not exist.At present, in sharp contrast to recent past, Indian capital market responds to all types of external developments, like US bond yields, th e value of the peso or for that matter of any other currency, the political situation in China, or new petrochemical capacity in South Korea, etc. In short, the Indian capital market is on threshold of a new era. Gradual globalization of the market will mean four things, as follows:  »The market will be more sensitive to developments that take place abroad. There will be a power shift as domestic institutions are forced to compete with the FIIs who control the floating stock and are in control of the GDR market.  »Structural issues will come to the fore with a plain message: reform or despair.  »The individual investor in his own interest will refrain from both primary and secondary market; he will be better off investing in mutual funds. Reference http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Capital_market http://www. bostonapartments. com/loans/finance/indian-capital-market. html http://www. advancedtrading. com/infrastructure/227500220? pgno=1

Value at Risk (VaR)

Financial markets started to use the â€Å"Value at Risk† extensively since 1990’s. But the measures of Value at Risk (VaR) were active in different names since as early as 1920’s (Holton 2003). It is the measurement of the worst expected loss at a given confidence level under normal market conditions over a specific time interval. It can also be expressed as the lowest confidence level of the potential losses that can occur within a given portfolio during a specified time period. Value at Risk only presents the worst-case scenario (Harper n. d. ).The two major parameters to be chosen for risk measurement are the time period and the confidence level. The time period can vary from a few hours to a few years. For example it can be stated that when a portfolio manager has a daily VaR at $1 million at 1%, it means that there is only 1 chance in 100 to incur a daily loss of more than $1 million under normal market conditions. The commonly used methods to estimate Valu e at Risk are: Variance – Covariance Method, Historical Performance and Monte Carlo Simulation (Benninga & Wiener 1998). Variance – Covariance Method:This model was made popular by J. P. Morgan in early 1990’s. This approach is based on the assumption that the underlying market factors have a multivariate normal distribution. This assumption helps in determining the distribution of mark-to-market portfolio profits and losses. After finding the distribution of possible portfolio profits and losses, the standard mathematical properties of Normal distribution can be used to determine the loss that will be equaled or exceeded x percent of the time which is called Value at Risk (Linsmeier & Pearson 1996).The following example can be taken to discuss the theory. A U. S. company entered a FX forward contract in the past. The difference between current date and date of delivery is 91 days. The contract requires the company to deliver $15 million in 91 days and in exchan ge it will receive  £10 million. The facts taken into consideration are the spot exchange rate expressed in dollars per pound (S), 3 month pound interest rate (rGBP) and 3 month dollar interest rate (rUSD). The current mark to market values in dollars is calculated based on the following formula:USD mark to market value= S x GBP 10million – USD 15 million 1+ rGBP (91/360) 1+ rUSD (91/360) Here the holding period is one day and the probability is 5%. The distribution of possible profit and loss on this portfolio has the mean of zero as the expected change in portfolio value over a short holding period is almost always close to zero. A standard property of the Normal distribution is that if a probability of 5% is used in determination of the Value at Risk then it will be equal to 1. 65 times the standard deviation of changes in the portfolio value.Standard deviation is the measure of the spread or dispersion of the distribution and computing the value of the standard deviatio n of changes in the portfolio value is the main factor in this method (Linsmeier & Pearson 1996). Value at Risk = 1. 65 x standard deviation of change in portfolio value The first step in measurement of VaR through this method is to determine the basic market factors and standardized market positions through â€Å"Risk Mapping†. In this case the basic market factors are spot exchange rate and 3-month dollar and pound interest rates.The associated standardized positions are spot pounds, dollar dominated 3 month zero coupon bond and a 3 month zero-coupon bond exposed only to changes in the pound interest rate. The next step is to estimate the parameters of distribution assuming that the percentage changes in the basic market factors have a multivariate Normal distribution with means of zero and thus capturing the variability of market factors by standard deviation and co-movement by the correlation coefficients.The third step is to compute standard deviations and correlations o f the changes in the values of standardized positions using the covariance matrix of changes in the basic market factors. The final step is to calculate the value of variance and standard deviation of the portfolio using standard mathematical results about the distributions of sums of Normal random variables. Standard deviation is the square root of variance. In our case its value is $ 52500 approximately. Now as the probability was taken as 5%, the formula comes to Value at Risk = 1. 65 x standard deviation of change in portfolio value = 1. 65 x $ 52,500 = $ 86,625The benefit of this model is that it uses compact and maintainable data set often available from market and third parties and calculation is quite speedy using algebraic formulae. The drawback of this method is that it assumes the change of the portfolio value to be linearly dependent on all the changes in the values of assets and also that the asset returns normal distributed (Jorion 2006). Historical Performance: Histor ical Performance method is the simplest and most transparent method that takes into account relatively lesser number of assumptions about the statistical distribution of underlying market factors (Linsmeier & Pearson 1996).The method works by using historical changes in market rates and prices to estimate potential future loss or profit with the portfolio and thereby calculating the Value at Risk. This can be illustrated based on the above example. Here we assume the holding period as 1 day, probability of 5% and computation to be based on 100 preceding business days from the current date. The current day will be the 100th day. The method involves five steps. The first step is to identify the basic market factors and to determine the formula to express mark to market value.In our case the basic market factors are 3 month dollar interest rate, 3 month pound interest rate and spot exchange rate. The formula for mark to market value is derived as USD mark to market value= S x GBP 10mil lion – USD 15 million 1+ rGBP (91/360) 1+ rUSD (91/360) Next the values of the identified basic market factors for previous 100 days are to be obtained. Daily change in these rates will be able to set the base for constructions of hypothetical values of market factors useful in the calculation of hypothetical profit and loss.The daily Value at Risk number is a measure of the portfolio loss caused by such changes over a one day holding period. The next and most important step is to subject the current portfolio to the changes experienced in the previous 100 days to calculate daily hypothetical profits and losses. In this step 100 sets of hypothetical values for market factors are calculated based on daily historical percentage changes in the market factors combined with current market factors. These hypothetical values are then used to compute 100 hypothetical mark to market portfolio values.Subtraction of current day mark to market portfolio value from each of the 100 hypothe tical values gives 100 hypothetical daily profits and losses. Ordering mark to market profits and losses from the largest profit to the largest lost is the next step. Finally the loss, which equals or exceeds 5% of the time is selected. In the present example of 100 days calculation the fifth worst loss will be the value at risk. This method relies completely on the historical data. Thus it may not be able to predict most accurately if the period chosen is not a typical one and is posing any special market condition (Jorion 2006).Monte Carlo Simulation: This method is quite similar to the Historical Performance Method. The major difference is that this method uses statistical distribution to capture the possible changes in the market factors instead of observing historical changes in market factors to calculate hypothetical profit and loss. The method involves five steps to estimate Value at Risk. The same example of single forward contract can be considered in this respect. The fir st step here is to identify the basic market factors and to determine the formula to express mark to market value similar to the Historical Performance Method.The next step is to assume a specific distribution for changes in the basic market factors and to estimate the parameters of that distribution. For the present example the percentage change in the basic market factors having multivariate Normal distribution is assumed and estimates of standard deviation and correlates are used as in this case the parameters like means, standard deviations and correlations can be interpreted naturally and their estimation is easier. However, it can be said that Monte Carlo Simulation allows risk managers to choose the distribution according to their requirements.But this flexibility also runs a risk of a bad choice that may not be suitable for the particular case (Jorion, 2006). Pseudo-random generator is used in the following step to generate more than 1000 or sometimes 10000 hypothetical valu es of changes in market factors. These are then used to calculate hypothetical mark to market portfolio values. Actual mark to market portfolio value on the current date is subtracted from each of the hypothetical values to get the hypothetical daily profits and losses.The following step is to order the mark to market profits and losses from the largest profit to the largest loss and the Value at Risk is selected as the loss which equals or exceeds 5% of time. While comparing the different aspects of these three methods it can be said that Historical Performance is the simplest method for estimating Value at Risk. It is suitable for estimation for any kind of options of the portfolio. It is easy to compute and implement and can be explained without much effort.The drawbacks of the method are that it can be misleading if the data used is not typical and represents a specific condition quite similar to Monte Carlo Simulation and Variance-Covariance methods. It is too much dependent on historical data. It is not possible to analyze alternative assumptions through this method. Monte Carlo Simulation and Variance-Covariance methods on the other hand can easily analyze alternative assumptions. Variance-Covariance method though can not examine distribution of market factors other than normal. Both of these methods are easy to implement but tougher to explain.Variance-Covariance method is easy in computation but can not capture the risks of portfolio with options when the holding period is long. Monte Carlo Simulation on the other hand is not easy to compute but it can surely capture the risks regardless of any options (Linsmeier & Pearson 1996). Thus it can be said that all of the three methods have their own benefits and drawbacks and it is completely at the discretion of the risk manager to choose a method appropriate to the portfolio based on the factors to be considered and the holding time.

What Were the Main Problems and Issues Facing the Allies at the 1943 Teheran Conference (Eureka) and How Were They Dealt with?

What were the main problems and issues facing the Allies at the 1943 Teheran Conference (Eureka) and how were they dealt with? Intro The Teheran conference was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt between November 28th and December 1st 1943. It was the first World War 2 (WW2) meeting amongst ‘The Big Three’ (Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt) in which Stalin was present. The principal aim of the Teheran conference was to firmly establish a global allied strategy for the duration of the war, and basic plans for the post war era. Throughout the meeting the big three addressed many issues which were deemed to be preventing a global allied strategy. Chief discussion at the conference was centered on ‘Operation Overlord’ which incorporated the opening of a second front in Western Europe which the Big Three believed would be a decisive step to allied victory over Nazi Germany. At the same time the conference discussed how to deal with the escalating Mediterranean conflict, the territorial disputes on the Soviet/Polish frontier as well as discussing operations in Yugoslavia, relations with Turkey and Iran, and a separate protocol pledged to recognize Iran’s independence. The varying success the Big Three had in resolving these issues at the Teheran conference is arguable. Issues concerning the swift conclusion of the War were often agreed upon mutually as it benefited all three nations, however issues which conflicted the self-interest of the Big Three often forced them to compromise on a successful resolution, one that was often questionable, but necessary for the development of the Grand Alliance and to achieve the primary objective of creating a global allied strategy. The main problems faced at the Teheran conference were primarily concerned with the sole objective of defeating the Nazi and bringing the war to a rapid end. It is evident that conflict occurred in areas were hidden agendas and self-interest was bought by the Big Three. With hindsight the success of these resolves is questionable, it is clear that many issues which were deemed to be resolved at the Teheran conference in fact resurfaced in future conferences; such as Yalta and Potsdam. Operation Overlord 700 One of the chief focuses of the Teheran conference was the prospect of a second Western front in Europe. The matter was known as ‘Operation Overlord’, and would entail the allied invasion of German-occupied Western Europe. The issue at the conference was not whether the Allies would launch Operation Overlord, but rather when it would be launched, as it conflicted with Winston Churchill’s wishes to invade Italy through the Mediterranean. The reason for Operation Overlord’s conception varied among the leaders but had the primary objective of ending the war as soon as possible. For Stalin one of the most fundamental reasons for creating a second front was to ease pressure on the Soviet army which were being pressed [†¦] Page 356 The Big Three. Churchill’s priorities throughout the beginning of the Teheran conference remained with his operations in the Mediterranean. He believed that continuing operations in the Mediterranean would not jeopardise the success of Operation Overlord, Churchill’s demands at the Conference were clear, he demanded landing craft for two divisions in the Mediterranean which could be used to facilitate the operations in Italy or to aid in the invasion of the Rhode Islands if Turkey would enter the war. Churchill believed that from here Italy could be employed in support of Overlord. Roosevelt’s enthusiasm for the Mediterranean operations differed greatly from that of Churchill’s. For Roosevelt the dilemma was that in order to give enough landing craft to aid Churchill in the Mediterranean would mean delaying Overlord six to eight weeks, he insisted that increasing Anglo-American activities in Italy and the Mediterranean would cause a conflict in the build-up for a successful cross-Channel invasion (OVERLORD) in 1944. [†¦] Page 91 Major problems of WW2. At the Teheran conference it was concluded that, despite Churchill’s wishes, the cost of invading Italy via the Mediterranean would delay Overlord far more than both Stalin and Roosevelt thought was acceptable. Stalin gladly recognised the outcome of Overlords negotiation as it would guarantee his army the support they needed to fight off the German advance into the Soviet Union. Likewise Roosevelt embraced the outcome, his main priority was to find the quickest solution to the War’s end and he was advised by his Chiefs of staff; Operation Overlord was by far the quickest means of achieving this. Churchill had never been against Overlord; his argument was simply that Overlord should not take away the importance of operations in the Mediterranean, Churchill accepted the resolution which was reached at the Teheran Conference and pledged full British support to any future Allied operations. Soviet involvement in Japan 400 One of Roosevelt’s main objectives whilst attending the Teheran conference was to gain Stalin’s support for the War in Japan. Roosevelt felt that with the intervention of Stalin not only would it bolster his resources in the far east but it would also speed up the inevitable allied victory in Japan (Click) Stalin however would only consider invading Japan once Germany had been defeated as he did not want to risk spreading his army in addition. Stalin pledged to assist in the war against Japan after Germany was defeated and expressed his wish that, after the war, the 1941 USSR borders with Finland and Poland be restored; he also requested many War reparations such as key railroads in Manchuria to compensate his intervention in Japan. Click) it was agreed that Stalin would declare war on japan 3 months after the defeat of Germany. Post War Germany 400 Turning to the question of the division of post-war Germany the discussion centred on whether or not to split up Germany. (Click) Churchill was primarily more interested in seeing Prussia, the core of German militarism, separated from the rest of Germany. (Click ) On the other hand Roosevelt had a plan for the division of Germany in six parts. These six parts were: 1. All Prussia to be rendered as small and weak as possible. 2. Hanover and Northwest section. . Saxony and Leipzig area. 4. Darmstadt 5. South of the Rhine 6. Bavaria, Baden, and Wurttemberg Roosevelt’s proposal stated that these six areas should be self-governed and that there should be two regions under some form of International control. These were: 1. The area of the Kiel Canal and the City of Hamburg. 2. The Ruhr and the Saar, the latter to be used for the benefit of all Europe. (Click) Stalin agreed with both Churchill and Roosevelt as he felt that to contain military threat Germany may pose in the future the only solution would be to completely divide it. However, Stalin felt that Churchill’s idea to divide Germany into 2 large states would merely offer an opportunity for Germany to revive as a great State and therefore preferred Roosevelt’ plan to dissect Germany into 6 self-governed areas and 2 areas under allied control. Yugoslavian partisans 400 After an attack by German, Italian and Hungarian forces against Yugoslavia on the 6th April 1941, the kingdom of Yugoslavia collapsed. This resulted in King Peter and his government to flee the country. On 27 June 1941, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia appointed Tito Commander in Chief of all project national liberation military forces. Originally two groups emerged in the Yugoslavian resistance movement, the chetniks commanded by Draza Mihailovic and the partisans commanded by Tito. (Click) Initially both resistance movements operated in parallel, but by late 1941 began fighting each other in the attempt to gain control of the area following the end of the war. Stalin, who already supported Tito, wanted Roosevelt to recognize the partisans as the official resistance in Yugoslavia, rather than support Mihalovic. Click) Roosevelt up to this point had continued to aid the Chetniks as they fought against Germany but also against the partisans. (Click) Churchill advised Roosevelt that all support should go to Tito and that â€Å"complete chaos† would ensue if the Americans also backed Mihailovic. (Click) Stalin and Churchill were able to gain Rooseveltâ €™s support for Tito and the partisans in the form of supplies and equipment and also by commando operations. Soviet/Polish border disputes 400 A key reason for Stalin to attend the Teheran conference was his hope to gain Roosevelt and Churchill’s support for his territorial disputes with Poland. Stalin believed that the Polish Government in exile were closely connected with the Germans He stated that Russia, probably more than any other country was interested in having friendly relations with Poland, since the security of Soviet frontiers was involved. He said the Russians were in favour of the reconstitution and expansion of Poland at the expense of Germany and that they make distinction between the Polish Government in exile and Poland. (Click) Roosevelt said it was his hope that negotiations could be started for the re-establishment of relations between the Polish and Soviet Governments. He felt that the re-establishment of relations would facilitate any decisions made in regard to the questions at issue. He said he recognized the difficulties which lay in the way. (Click) Churchill said he would like to obtain the views of the Soviet Government in regard to the frontier question, and if some reasonable formula could be devised, he was prepared to take it up with the Polish Government in exile, and without telling them that the Soviet Government would accept such a solution, would offer it to them as probably the best they could obtain. If the Polish Government refused this, then Great Britain would be through with them and certainly would not oppose the Soviet Government under any condition at the peace table. (Click) To solve the issue Churchill suggested that Poland’s western borders would be extended east into Prussia to compensate for their eastern borders being reduced. Future of Iran 250 Future of Finland 250

Biography of Fashion Designer - Manolo Blahnik Essay

Biography of Fashion Designer - Manolo Blahnik - Essay Example The essay "Biography of Fashion Designer - Manolo Blahnik" discovers the Manolo Blahnik's biography. Together with Evangeline, his younger sister, they both underwent education at home since their family often travelled to Paris and Madrid. It was during those times when his interest in shoe-making started under the influence of his mother improvising and making of Catalan espadrilles from ribbons and laces. Blahnik enrolled for a politics and law major at the University of Geneva but later shifted to literature and architecture. After graduating in 1965, Blahnik moved to Paris to study art at L’École des Beaux-Arts and L’École du Louvre while working at GO, a vintage clothing store. In 1968, he moved to London and enrolled at a language school to master the English language but spent most of his time watching films in the Leicester Square cinemas. To step up his career of becoming a stage set designer, Blahnik went to New York to present his portfolio of drawin gs and set designs to Diana Vreeland, then editor of US Vogue. Vreeland looking at Blahnik’s designs exclaimed: â€Å"How amusing. Amusing. You can do accessories very well. Why don’t you do that? Go make shoes. Your shoes in these drawings are so amusing†, referring to a sketch of a fantastical shoe which crept up the ankle entwined with ivy and cherries. After that inspiring moment, Blahnik went back to London in 1972 and begun designing for Zapata, a boutique on Old church Street in Chelsea (Craven). He started designing men’s shoes.... Ossie Clark, a flashy fashion designer, was quick in noticing Blahnik’s talent and so requested for Blahnik’s designs for his next runway show. Eventually, Blahnik’s shoes got popular for Vogue editors even for a vintage Hollywood star like Lauren Bacall. He was more inclined to learn the craft of shoe-making, and thus, searched for a manufacturer in Walthamstow, north east of London to perfect this skill. Thereafter, British Vogue made Blahnik as the first man ever to appear on its cover in 1974 (Design Museum). A year before being the cover of the famous magazine, Blahnik bought Zapata from its owner with the help of a ?2,000 loan. He ran the business with his sister, Evangeline. The designer continued working with the big fashion icons like Jean Muir, Fiorucci and Ossie Clark. Slowly, he made his market in the US by creating a collection for Bloomingdales in 1978, opening his first store at Madison Avenue, New York in 1979, and designing shoes for Perry Ellis in 1980. Blahnik’s business took off in the US in the early 1980s when George Malkemus, a young copywriter, became his US business partner, leaving him and Evangeline taking charge of the business in Europe. Blahnik’s fame became unstoppable as he was also designing shoes for Calvin Klein’s collections in 1984 (Design Museum). Years after, the designer’s creativity and hardships were recognized as he received a special award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) in 1987, Accessory Designer of the Year by the British Fashion Council in 1990 and 1999, La Aguja de Oro (The Golden Needle) in Spain in 2001, and La Medalla de Oro en Merito en Las Bellas Artes by Juan Carlos I in 2002. He was also honored with a retrospective exhibition of his drawings, memorabilia and

Kentucky staate funding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kentucky staate funding - Essay Example Additionally, funding has also been supported by district leaders who feel there is a need to support low-income students while emphasizing on the need for equity and fairness among all citizens of the state clarifies (Ellis, 2011). Some of the past and the current funding policies for Kentucky include Free or reduced-price school lunch benefits: Having lagged behind in educational initiatives by around 1990, Kentucky State under commonwealth initiative introduced an economic reform system. The system could see funding of students from low-income districts receiving financial support from the government based on fairness and equity throughout the whole state (Ellis, 2011). Allocation of less funding for higher education: In the past, Kentucky instituted a policy that was aimed at allocating minimal funding to higher education. The state decided to reduce spending in higher education between the periods 1992 to 1993 (Ellis, 2011). Despite the fact that the policy was being visualized by some of the state economist as idea to inflict recession at the national level, it became so important in generation of more revenue to the state. Distribution policy: The council of the state government also came up with education distribution act. The distribution act was based on a formula that mainly targeted funding needs of higher education for Governors and General Assembly. The benchmark for the above model constituted a statistical procedure that only contained 20 nationally reported institutions (Ellis, 2011). Currently, it is impressive to note that the government has put in place new policies targeting to enhance performance at Kentucky schools, which have over the years attribute to high performance at both K-12 and high educational programs states (Welner & Chi, 2008). Tuition and Fees Revenue Standard Deduction: The tuition fee revenue policy was set up later by the end of the year 2001 and again reversed in 2008 clarifies (Welner & Chi, 2008). Having