Great Ages Essays - Comparative Mythology, Jungian Archetypes

Great Ages November 7th, 1997 World Art History 1010 The Great Ages When we think of history we dont often think of art. We dont realize how the history of art can help us learn more about the people, the cultures, and the belief systems of those who lived hundreds and thousands of years before us. Art has developed, influenced, and contributed starting from the great Stone Age to the present day. Art gives an insight into the changes and evolution that man and culture have gone through to become what is today. Art is culture, art is the essence of the people who make it and the best way to appreciate art is to look at the history of it and its evolvement through time. The Great Ages consists of four distinct ages: The Old Stone Age, The New Stone Age, The Bronze Age, and The Iron Age. These four Great Ages is the complete history of art from the beginning to the present day. Each age is named characteristically for the type of material used for that time. Stone was used in the Old and New Stone age, bronze in the Bronze Age, and iron in the Iron Age. The Great Ages began with The Old Stone Age starting at 100,000 BCE. The people lived in tribes and clans and often moved from place to place, hunting and gathering to live. They believed all life was sacred and all beings were divine, including animals. The tribal teachings taught that man and nature are one. Hunting and gathering was a sacred ritual because they would often believe they were at one with the animal being hunted. Shamens and shamenesses, spiritual healers and seers between the people and spirits of animals, would often lead hunts and call forth the spirit of the animal to which they would ask the animal to offer their life willingly for a successful hunt. An illustration in Art Through The Ages, 1-4, (Hall of the Bulls found in Lasacux, c 15,000-13,000 b.c. Largest bull approx. 116 long) a beautiful cave painting of Bulls. It shows how sacred these animals were to the people. The painter took the time not only to paint such a true to nature image but also purposely put it in a remote location hundreds of feet above the entrance. The location of the painting suggest that it was used as a spiritual image that perhaps shamans would use to communicate with the spirit of the animal. The Shamans were necessary to the tribe, not only for healing and for favorable hunts but also for communing with the Great Goddess, who represents all forms of life. The Great Goddess is the pivotal figure among the tribal people. She is worshiped and prayed to in hopes that she is fertile and fruitful for, She is the lone creator of all that is. She is female in all aspects, but yet she has male powers. Many consider the Great Goddess to be an androgyne because she is self-created, self-fertilizing, and self-existent. She is both male and female. An Androgyne was thought to have achieved balance of reason and intuition, of wisdom and compassion; they are supreme beings. She is the creator of the universe, of life and of death and special rituals would be carried out to insure that she would continue to create. One of the first images of the Great Goddess is represented in Illustration 1-8 (Venus of Willendorf (Australia), c 28,000-23,000 b.c. Limestone, approx. 4? high. Naturhistorisches museum, Vienna). She is only 4 inches tall, but a very sacred piece of sculpture. Her body is significantly voluptuous, representing fertility. She appears to be pregnant and her breasts heavy with milk. She is faceless, emphasizing that She is everything. She has no particularity, no image, because she is beyond particularization, she is everything known to man in the universe. As 10,000 BCE came around so came about the starting of the New Stone Age and the end of the Old. In the Old Stone Age, the Great Goddess, alone made the universe, but as the New Stone Age emerged, it was thought that she needed a male partner. This is one of the significant differences between the Old and New Stone

A Federalist Government essays

A Federalist Government essays The Constitution guarantees a federalist government by stating in the tenth amendment that ,The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or the people. The framers did this to prevent a single person, or group of people to gain too much power. One example of the Federal system at work is that the state of North Dakota does not require voters to register in order to cast their votes. While other states choose to require their voters to register. While Federalism allows state governments to handle their local issues, the National government can deal with issues of defense and foreign affairs. If a certain state were to need help, the Federal governments resources, and other states may be joined together to help the state in need. The supreme court has the authority to change laws in both statutory law and in administrative law, as well. This authority lies in the judicial review. Judicial review was first adopted in MARBURY v. MADISON. It is what guards against a tyrannical government, which might enact, laws which could strip us of individual rights and personal freedoms, guaranteed to us in our Constitution. One example is BUSH, George W. v. PALM BEACH CUNTY CANVASSING BOARD, ET AL. The question was Whether post-election judicial limitations on the discretion granted by the legislature to state executive officials to certify election results, and/or post-election judicially created standards for the determination of controversies concerning the appointment of presidential electors, violate the Due Process Clause or 3 U.S.C. s 5, which requires that a State resolve controversies relating to the appointment of electors under "laws enacted prior to" election day. The United States Constitution (Article IV: Section 1.) ...

Learning experiences from the Management Process Study Essay

Learning experiences from the Management Process Study - Essay Example The main thing for which the employers are looking for is the meeting of the goals and the expectations that they have. It is the duty of the employers to give a constant feedback to their employees so that they are aware of actually what their employees are up to (WESKE, 2007). This also helps the organization decide how much they actually need to train or guide their employees towards a better form. Feedback also makes them figure out if the profession they are pursuing is something they really want to do or if there is something else for them in store (MACMILLAN and TAMPOE, 2000). The Tuck man model of growth development of the group is related to the formation of a group and how the members of the group continue to behave in the group. The group that I have chosen to discuss is the group from my Organizational Behavior class. Group Formation The group that was formed contained of people all unknown to each other, since they all belonged to the different sections. The tuck man mod el explains the process a group of individuals go through to achieve a synchronized group that has cohesiveness and integrity. There are four stages given by the Tuck man model which claims that each and every group has to go through these stages before either the group forms completely or is dispersed completely failing to achieve any sort of cohesiveness. The stages in the model are Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing. Forming In this first stage, all the people are new to each other; they are usually at their best behavior trying to gain the impressions of the others around them and assess them. The people are usually focused on the task at hand and are goal oriented. In this stage of team, the supervisor should play the most active role by maintaining a cordial relationship between the members and making sure that no team member is left out. My group is past this stage, the process of forming went really well, where each of us realized the potential of each other and lear ned to respect each other for it. The forming process of our team was quite beneficial too as we learned about each other and were able to decide the tasks at hand in a good manner. Storming In the storming process of any group the members of the group openly begin giving their ideas and sharing with one another. At this point in time the group members also decide who their group leader will be and what type of leadership they prefer (POIRIER and WALKER, 2005). IN our case, the leader was predefined therefore the only that we had to decide was the type of leadership that we will have. There were a bit of issues as well because some of the members in our group were not agreeing to give-up their ideas. But thankfully we reached a common point and the whole process was decided then about how to carry on. We came out of this phase successfully as well. Norming In the norming stage the team members are all in harmony and happily working with each other in achieving the goal (PICKETT, 200 5). Our group is currently at this stage, we are all synchronized in our ideas and our working towards our goals. There is perfect harmony and no more clashes in ideas of the group members. Performing Performing stage is when the group starts to perform the tasks and behave like one unit. The things are all decided the task distributed and there is the smooth working of the group then. There are no internal or external conflicts. Our group is yet to reach this stage. LEARNING

Needs to be changed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Needs to be changed - Essay Example I usually have to hear car horns and even during night time. This has put me and my family in a fix as to what we ought to do in order to have some peace within our lives. In fact, I can go to great heights to make sure that this passageway does not pose as a problem. To understand how this problem can be solved, perhaps there could be signs put up on the passageway because the people must be told to wait for their turn to pass their vehicles without honking too much. They need to be told that people live here in the vicinity and it is their right to breathe easily. Too much honking of car horns and onlookers having a say within the lives of the residents is something that raises quite a few eyebrows. There is a dire need to understand that privacy remains supreme more than anything else, and this is the responsibility of the authorities who have taken charge of the entire area. The passageway is therefore one bone of contention as far as understanding the nuances of the area are concerned. The neighbors also echo the same sentiments because they believe that their privacy is being compromised upon and they can do anything to make sure this does not happen. Once I spoke to an elderly resident who seconded my feelings. He was of the view that the passageway should be turned into a no thoroughfare but then again this did not seem like a possibility. Erecting barriers at the end of the passageway would work too but the authorities would not agree to this as they are of the view that the street is a wide one and commuting along such a street is indeed an easy way out for the vehicles and pedestrians to reach the main highway. However, much thinking needs to be done on the part of the people involved because it will ensure where shortcomings lie and how people need to enact measures to make amends. This will bring a great deal of sanity within the related ranks and allow the residents to live easily without any fear or trouble. In

Business Plan Degree Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Plan Degree - Assignment Example Mission Statement of the Business Plan: First and foremost I would like to state the Mission Statement of our Business Plan. The Mission Statement of Thame Valley Golf Club should be to make it a professional Golf Club, making it a profitable one utilizing all its facilities to the maximum capacity. Thame valley golf club is situated in Oxfordshire, approximately 4 miles north of Thame Town centre. It consists of a par 36 full-length 9-hole course. The course is situated 10 miles north east of the city of oxford and 4 miles north of Thame town centre, Alysbury is about 10 miles away and High Wycombe is around 2 miles to the southeast. Motorway access is reasonably good as the M40 is only 5 miles away and M4 is around 25 miles away. The course is currently of 9 holes but land is available to build a further 9 holes in the future. There is only one set of Tees for the course. There is a practice putting green adjacent to the clubhouse and a large teaching and practice area. No PGA professional has been in place. Hence lessons have not been promoted. A local PGA Pro is running on ad hoc basis. The arrangement with the local PGA Pro is terminated with a mutually agreed settlement. At present a small shop selling regular day-to-day items and accessories is run by the owner's daughter. A new shop will be established near the test tee, where there exists an outbuilding, which will be made secured now. The Pro has to make the interiors of the shop. Facilities available: Male Female changing and shower rooms. Administrative offices Cafeteria style eating area Golf shop Current shop membership, Membership and Green Fees. The membership is growing steadily. Currently the membership stands at 419 comprising 196 men, 22 women, 99 seniors (Male), 19 seniors (Female) and 11 juniors. The owner targets to increase the membership to 700 with Men Ladies and juniors as main target group. The cost of the membership is as follows: Entrance Fee 175 Adult yearly subscription 385 Senior Yearly subscription 225 Junior 85 Social 15 Visitor 9 midweek ,, 12 a weekends ,, With members 8 The no. of round played by visitors averages at 35 and that of 30 rounds by members. Target round for visitors doubled at 50 rounds. External: Surroundings: There are 8 primary schools, 2 secondary comprehensives, several colleges and Oxford University in the surrounding. There are also two leisure centres and 3 private health clubs within 10 miles surroundings. Until recently there were 2 golf shops but due to fierce competition one of them has shut down. Competition: There are two more golf clubs in the surroundings: 1. The Old Established Private Members Club There is the St. Annes club, which is a private club situates around 9 miles from Aylasbury. It is a 103 years old club. This as professionally designed reputed golf club. It has a small practice area used by the professional for teaching. There is a small shop but is not well stocked.

Microprocessor based robotics arm

Microprocessor based robotics arm Abstract Robotic arm has become popular in the world of robotics. The essential part of the robotic arm is a programmable microprocessor. The microprocessor based brick capable of driving basically three stepper motors design to form an anthropomorphic structure. The first design was for experimental use on a human-size industrial robot arm called PUMA 560 which stands for Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly. This human size robot was used to explore issues in versatile object handling and compliance control in grasp actions it was done in Bejczy city in the Jan, 1986. This paper explains the method of interfacing the robotic arm stepper motors with the programmed 8051-based microprocessor which are used to process and control the robot operations. We have employed the assembly language in programming our microcontroller of the microprocessor. A sample robot which can grab by magnetizing and release small objects by demagnetizing is built for demonstrating the method explained. 1. Introduction A robotic arm is a robot manipulator which is programmable and its functions are almost similar to that of human arm. The links of such a manipulator are connected by joints allowing either rotational motion or translational displacement. Kinematic chain can be formed by the links of the manipulator. The business end of the kinematic chain of the manipulator is called the end effecter and it is analogous to the human hand. The end effecter can be designed to perform any desired task such as welding, gripping, spinning etc., depending on the application. The robot arms can be autonomous or controlled manually and can be used to perform a variety of tasks with great accuracy. The robotic arm can be fixed or mobile (i.e. wheeled) in the nature and can be designed for industrial or home applications. 2. Robotic Arm The word robotics, the meaning and the study of robots was done by a famous foreign scientist Isaac Asimov. Robotics is a branch which involves elements of mechanical and electrical engineering in it, as well as control theory, computing and now artificial intelligence in it by which we can implement it in the different fields. According to the Robot Institute of America, â€Å"A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks†. The way in which we are going to use robotic term in the form of arm is called as robotics arm. In order to perform any useful task the robot must interface with the environment, which may comprise feeding devices, other robots, and most importantly people. As the robot with which we are going to deal with work as arm and is therefore known as robotic arm 3. Types Of Robotic Arm There are various kinds of the robotic arm available in the market for the different tasks these are as follows. i. Cartesian Robot / Gantry Robot. ii. Cylindrical Robot. iii. Spherical Robot / Polar Robot. iv. SCARA Robot. v. Articulated Robot. vi. Parallel Robot. 4. Block Diagram For Robotic Arm The method employed in designing and construction of the robotic arm is based upon the operational characteristics and features of the microcontrollers of the microprocessor, stepper motors, the electronic circuit diagram and most importantly the programming of the microcontroller of the microprocessor and mainly the stepper motors. This work is able to successfully accomplish the defined functionality means it defines all the functions of the robotic arm. A sample robot which can rotate, magnetize an object, lower and raise its arm, by being controlled by the 8051 microcontroller of a microprocessor is built successfully and it was named as robotic arm. The 8051-development board is soldered and it used the required procedure for the correct operation of the controller. The 8051 development board has been interfaced to the stepper motors such that the anthropomorphic like structure can be controlled from the buttons at the base of the structure which is robotic arm. These buttons help to control the whole system of the robotic arm. These four buttons have the uncommon task from each other which is explained as follows. On/Off The ON button puts on the system while the OFF button puts off the system. This is only the task allotted to them just to ON and to OFF the robotic arm. Start/Stop The START button starts the initial movement of the whole arm from its reset point, while the STOP button takes the arm back to its reset button after completion of its movement applied for the required task. Right-Left/Left-Right When this button is switched to the RIGHT-LEFT part it causes movement from right to left, while the LEFT-RIGHT part causes movement from left to right. It is used only for the right and left movement. Rotation Of 180/90 When the button is on 180, it causes a rotation of 180 degree of the base stepper motor, but when put on 90 degrees, it causes rotation of 90 degrees. It means it is used for the 90 and 180 degree rotations. 5. Mechanical Structure Of The Arm For the construction of any kind of the robot we must have any kind of the idea over which we have to work for its construction. Same is the case of the robotic arm for its construction we need its mechanical structure. In constructing our robotic arm, we made use of three stepper motors and gears since our structure is a three dimensional structure. A typical prototype that we employed for the construction of our robotic arm. There is a stepper motor at the base of the arm, which is used for circular movement of the whole structure for the easiness of the task; another stepper is at the shoulder which allows for upward and downward movement of the arm again used according to the task given to the robotic arm; while the last stepper motor is used at the wrist which allows for the picking of objects by the magnetic hand. 6. Robotic Arm Design Process It includes various points related to the designing of the microprocessor based robotics arm. All those points which explain them are as follows: Defining The Problem i. Identifying the purpose of a construction. ii. Identifying specific requirements. A community wants to construct a robotic arm. Design and build a prototype device which could satisfy this need. Design and build a prototype device which could satisfy this need. You need to determine what problem you are trying to solve before you attempt to design and build a robotic arm to solve a problem. Researching And Designing i. Gathering information. ii. Identifying specific details of the design which must be satisfied. iii. Identifying possible and alternative design solutions. iv. Planning and designing an appropriate structure which includes drawings. Creating A Prototype i. Testing the design. ii. Troubleshooting the design. Building Your Robot Construction work can now begin. Here are some sites that help with: i. Structure. ii. Gear combinations. iii. Arm mechanisms. iv. Placing sensors. v. Hints and tricks. vi. The Art of LEGO Design by Fred Martin an excellent resource for building very strong structures. Programming And Testing Your Robot Now it is time to program your robot. This can be achieved in many different ways. Use can achieve rudimentary intelligence in your robot by using only relays, potentiometers, bump switches and some discrete components. You can increase complexity in intelligence in your robot by adding more sensors and continuing in the same vein of using hardwired logic. By introducing a more sophisticated control element, the microprocessor, you introduce a significant new tool in solving the robot control problem. Evaluating Your Robot i. Evaluate the design. ii. Evaluate the planning process. As building and programming work progresses, and the design begins to take shape, you will automatically carry out tests on the design. You will also need to complete systems tests at various stages of the construction. If any of the tests show that you have failure in a joint, or that part of your structure is not meeting specifications, then you will have to make modifications in your plan. When building and programming is complete, the entire project must be tested to see if it does the job for which it was designed. An evaluation needs to then be written. This should be a statement outlining the strengths and weaknesses in your design. It should describe where you have succeeded and where you have failed to achieve the aims set out in the specifications. 7. Overall Arm Design The two arms used both have six degrees of freedom, and are mounted on the humanoid robot cog. The arms are mirror image of one another. The kinematics of the arm is designed to be similar as that of the human arm. There are two joints each at shoulder, elbow and wrist although the axis of the first elbow joint is coincident with the co-axes of the shoulder joints. The arms has length same as that of the length of the human arm. 8. Market Applications Of Robotics Arm Applications of robotic arm are very effective in the market world. There are various fields where there is a deemed need of the robotic arm these can be explained as follows. Automotive Robotic arm can be used in different ways in the automotive field. i. Power train Control ii. Body Electronics iii. Driver Information Systems iv. Chassis v. Safety vi. Automotive Networking Consumer Robotic arm can be used in different ways in the consumers. i. Mobile Consumer Electronics ii. Home Electronics Industrial Robotic arm can be used in different ways in the industrial field. i. Factory Automation ii. Building Control iii. Metering iv. Medical v. Point of Sale/Kiosks vi. Home Appliances Medical Robotic arm can be used in different ways in the medical field. i. Home Portable ii. Diagnostics and Therapy iii. Imaging iv. Intelligent Hospitals Networking Robotic arm can be used in different ways in the networking field. i. Network Security ii. Home and SOHO Networking iii. Network Storage 9. Future-Scope The scope of this work for manufacturing of robotics arm involves confirming the 8051 micro-controller of microprocessor. Input/output (I/O) signals are compatible with that of the robotic arm stepper motors and testing of the robots motor signals through programming the 8051 microcontroller of the microprocessor. Assembly programming is used to develop the programs for the EPROM 2732 on the 8051 micro-controller of the microprocessor platform that takes robots motor signal as I/O and controls the robot operation programmatically. We have assumed that after figuring out the interface issues for the Robot with the 8051 microcontroller, the same knowledge can be extended to make very complex robots with enhanced functionality. With the technique used in the manufacturing of the robotic arm we can also make other robots for the different tasks. Conclusion Finally from this topic we can conclude a robotic arm is an instrument by means of which we can do any kind of the task and use it in the way in which manner we want to solve the task. The controlling software used in this robotic arm can be general for any kind of robot arm and set of sensors. This paper introduces a set of design principles which seek to reduce robotic applications design and implementation time so reducing the errors present in any practical implementation as well. Experiments show that the solution presented in this paper, although its limitations, allow the robotic applications designer to save development time while keeping the overall complexity low. There exists open-source applications which handle similar problems but they are not well fitted for small control applications. We have learnt that because of limitations in the programming language used to develop the application and the final application itself is highly sensitive to implementation issues. Also , to completely verify the design principles it would be necessary to evaluate the effort required to design a control application for multiple and heterogeneous platforms. Acknowledgement I thank GOD almighty for guiding me throughout the term paper. I would like to thank all those who have contributed to the completion of the term paper and helped me with valuable suggestions for improvement. I am extremely grateful to Mr. JAGDEEP SINGH, Department of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS, for providing me with best facilities and atmosphere for the creative work guidance and encouragement. I thank all my friends for extending their cooperation during my term paper. Above all I would like to thank my parents without whose blessings; I would not have been able to accomplish my goal. References The references for the term paper given to me are as follows: www.robotics.com (Robotics history, background) www.orca-robotics.com (Robot controlling) www.wikipedia.com (microprocessor based robotics arm) www.google.com (Seminar Report on robotic arm) www.google.com (applications of robotics arm)

Brain Busters: The History of Lobotomy and its Application to Neuroscience :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Brain Busters: The History of Lobotomy and its Application to Neuroscience "It seems possible that with additional experience and a minute study of the pathologic changes seen in the brain, the knife may be the means of restoring to reason many cases now considered incurable" --Emory Lamphear (1895) (5) In 1847 an Irish workman, Phineas Cage, shed new light on the field of neuroscience in a rock blasting accident which sent an iron rod through the frontal region of his brain. Miraculously enough, he survived the incident, but even more astonishing to the science community at the time were the marked changes in Cage’s personality after the rode punctured his brain. Where before Cage was characterized by his mild mannered nature, he had now become aggressive, rude and "indulging in the grossest profanity, which was not previously his custom, manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires" (1) according to the Boston physician Harlow in 1868. However, Cage sustained no impairment with regards to his intelligence or memory (1). This incident provoked scientists to ask the question, "can alteration of the brain structure lead to differences in personality?" and if so, then "are there specialized reg ions of the brain responsible for the function of different elements of our personal character?" Thus, completely by chance, the foundational discoveries for the development of frontal lobotomy were laid. Beginning in the late 1800’s, experimental surgeries involving various incisions slicing or destroying parts of the frontal cortex were performed on a variety of subjects in an effort to produce a calming effect in their behavior. In 1935, Dr. John Fulton presented the results of his research on a pair of chimpanzees at a conference for neurology. Fulton had "removed completely the frontal lobes" (4) of the chimps and observed that after the surgery they appeared significantly calmer than before the operation as he was unable to "generate experimental forms of neurosis in the animals"(1). Attending this conference were two neuro-scientists, Egas Moniz and Walter Freeman, both of whom would become major figures in the practice of lobotomy. Egas Moniz was particularly fascinated by the idea of the behavioral changes in Fulton’s chimps and posed the shocking question, "If the frontal lobe removal prevents the development of experimental neurosis in animals and eliminates frustrational behavior, why would it not be possible to relieve anxiety states in man by surgical means?

Modern Christian Movement

Christian Fundamentalism is both a movement and a code of rules, referring to the adherence to the religion and Biblical teachings (http://www.sullivan-county.com/news/index.htm, 2003). Nowadays, the term is often corrupted to describe extremists and terrorists, who attack multiculturalism, democracy and the basic concepts of family planning. The present paper is designed to discuss the movement and the underlying doctrine in details and compare it to the similar Islamic and Judaist religious movements and trends. The Modern Christian Movement emerged in the beginning of the 20th century in response to modernism, industrialization and the following reformations of social life towards democracy (Appleby et al, 2003). â€Å"The five â€Å"fundamentals† of Christian belief that were enumerated in a series of 12 paperback volumes containing scholarly essays on the Bible that appeared between 1910 and 1915. Those included: 1) Biblical inerrancy; 2) The divinity of Jesus; 3)The Virgin Birth; 4) The belief that Jesus died to redeem humankind; 5)An expectation of the Second Coming, or physical return, of Jesus Christ† (www.sullivan-county.com, 2003). Furthermore, the tracts contained the criticism of technological progress and modern theology and insisted upon the return to the initials, i.e. to the first century, when original Christianity was spreading.   The whole Bible was declared inerrant, in contrast to the other Christian movements, which refuted certain parts of the Gospel. Furthermore, fundamentalists had true hostility to those who didn’t share their beliefs up to the last point, as they alleged there was nothing redundant or useless in the Bible (Appleby et al, 2003), as the scriptures should have been viewed as instructions rather than edifying stories and narratives. The followers of the movement also believed in the sixth-day Creationism and therefore rejected the whole evolutionary science. More importantly, they asserted   that Bible should not have been interpreted, as it had to be understood literally, without searching any mystic contexts, as the scriptures were written specifically for ordinary people’s understanding (Appleby et al, 2003; Armstrong, 2001). Furthermore, fundamentalists prioritized faith over virtuous lifestyle, whereas the latter was nevertheless to correspond with the exact fundamentalist teachings. It also needs to be noted that fundamentalists viewed human being as basically sinful and violent: â€Å"Because Calvin, Luther, and Augustine all see humans as â€Å"depraved† and â€Å"born into sin† produced a very negative outlook on humanity. Also their idea of the â€Å"elect† creates an attitude that they are somehow â€Å"chosen† above all others. This puts them at odds with â€Å"mainline† or liberal Protestant churches that reject the Augustinian notions of human depravity† (www.sullivan-county.com, 2003). The history of the movement itself is also interesting and controversial. In the early 20th century, the disciples of the fundamentals began to establish churches and denominations in the United States and United Kingdom (Appleby et al, 2003). In 1910, the northern Presbyterian Church proclaimed the five aforementioned principal pillars. In 1919, the World’s Christian Association was found, and W.Riley agreed to head it. In 1920, the term â€Å"fundamentalist† was first used by Curtis Lee Laws, but the contemporary fundamentalists perceived the term ambivalently, as it sounded like a conceptually new religious movement (http://mb-soft.com/believe/text/fundamen.htm, 1997). Due to the penetration of liberalism into a number of American churches, fundamentalists began to criticize widely the transformation and peculiar ‘democratization’ of Baptist and Protestant churches. Furthermore, they rejected and even attempted to curb the contemporary efforts to re-interpret and reformulate the biblical teachings, and were themselves most consistent with the content of the King James Bible, published in 1611(Armstrong, 2001; Appleby et al, 2003). â€Å"Church struggles occurred in the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Protestant Episcopal Church, and even in the southern Presbyterian Church, but the grand battles were fought in the northern Presbyterian and northern Baptist denominations. Machen was the undisputed leader among Presbyterians, joined by Clarence E.Macartney† (mb-soft.com, 1997). Consequently, a number of organizations were created on the basis of the reformed Baptist and Presbyterian churches, which began to utilize the five fundamentals: the Fundamentalist Fellowship (1921), the National Federation of the Fundamentalists of the Northern Baptists (1921) and the Baptist Bible Union (1923). The unions developed their own policies in such issues as ordination of clergy ad education, and a number of particularly enthusiastic preachers denied the importance of literacy and declared Bible as their only ‘reader’ in the course of training (Armstrong, 2001; mb-soft.com, 1997). Approximately at the same time the fundamentalists began to interfere with the policies of public schools, specifically, with their curricula which included Darwinian evolution as a mandatory subject (Appleby et al, 2003). Since the 1940s, the fundamentalists split into two groups, the first one accepted the term â€Å"fundamentalism† and began to run to some extent separatist policies, whereas the second camp regarded the term as humiliating and positioning the followers of the movement as narrow-minded fanatics. The latter group, as one can understand, wished to expand the influence over Protestant churches and therefore declared their teaching as â€Å"evangelical†. This group soon ‘softened’ their hard-line Christian belief and gradually accepted the contemporary liberal ideas, expressed by a number of Protestant Church executives. Towards the late 1970s, there was a peak of the fundamentalists’ popularity, as   during Ronald Reagan campaign (Appleby et al , 2003), they were able to find answers to the most troublemaking issues like economic and social crises (in fact associated with the Vietnam War, but the adepts of the movement manipulated with the fall of the population’s moral and optimism and stated the contemporary mentality was erroneous). â€Å"They identified a new and more pervasive enemy, secular humanism, which they believed was responsible for eroding churches, schools, universities, the government, and above all families. They fought all enemies which they considered to be offspring of secular humanism, evolutionism, political and theological liberalism, loose personal morality, socialism and communism† (mb-soft.com, 1997). Thus, they employed the most powerful PR tools to influence public consciousness and arranged a number of protest actions, including the picketing family planning centers, certain education institutions and scientific laboratories in attempt to undermine the reputation of the mentioned organizations (Armstrong, 2001). Such religious activists as Jerry Falwell, pat Robertson and Hal Lindsey appeared on TV-screens as often as very popular politicians or the president and continued to encourage citizens to refuse from technological advancements, democratic ideology; the most radical fundamentalists even tried to curb immigration and force foreigners of different faith to leave the United States. The Fundamentalist Movement of the 1990s and the new millennium is still strong, but the organization has become much more ‘secluded’. Nowadays, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences has launched a new project that encourages scholars in the United States and around the world to study fundamentalism (http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/fund.html, 1998). They also theorized the religious doctrine and outlined the its basic characteristics, which include the manifestation of religious truth which must not be secreted, religious idealism as the major aspect of fundamentalist identity and demonization of any movements which diverge from the doctrine. Furthermore, â€Å"fundamentalists envision themselves as part of a cosmic struggle; they seize on historical moments and reinterpret them in the light of this cosmic struggle; they envy modernist cultural hegemony and try to overturn the distribution of power† (religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu, 1998). Appleby also discusses the major characteristics of the organized movement and stated and its primary course is the increase of the popularity of Christian religion. Furthermore, the members of the movement are selective and reject specific aspects of technological progress rather then modernity in general; the organization itself has â€Å"an elect or chosen membership; sharp group boundaries; charismatic authoritarian leaders and mandated behavioral requirement† (ibid, 1998). As one can understand, Christian fundamentalism has a lot in common with Islam and Judaism, especially in terms of the structure of the movement. For instance, both Orthodox Judaist and Islamic fundamentalist movements have the same organizational characteristics and regard themselves as the participants of a cosmic struggle. This trend, however, is not very notable in Judaism, whereas the most hard-line Muslim leaders (of radical organizations like al-Qaeda) wage true war against otherwise-minded, and, similarly to Christian fundamentalists, demonize anyone who dares challenge the teachings from the Holy Scriptures perceived as central. Judaism has always been less radical and its fundamentals are more related to the controversy over the origin of the Torah, which, as most Orthodox Judaists hold, derives actually from God rather than from humankind (Armstrong, 2001). Judaist Fundamentalism also includes â€Å"Laws of Rabbinic decree to better enforce Torah law (e.g. the prohibition of eating/cooking mixtures of milk and poultry); these laws are held to be created by the rabbis and are divinely inspired† (Armstrong, 2001, p. 385) and observes Rabbeinu Gershom’s prescriptions concerning the ban on reading letters, addressed to another person, the possibility of divorcing a female without her compliance and the regulation of eating habits. Islamic Fundamentalism refers to Sunni Islam, which recognized the Koran, Haddith and Sunnah and accordingly rejects the Shi’a laws. Similarly to the Christian Fundamentalism, the corresponding Islamic teaching includes the notion that â€Å"the problems of the world stem from secular influences. Further, the path to peace and justice lies in a return to the original message of Islam, combined with a scrupulous rejection of innovations† (Armstrong, 2001, p. 396). Technological progress is also partially rejected in the Judaist Fundamentalism – for instance, the Torah teaches that human face should not touch blade, that’s why Orthodox Jews avoid using razors and wear long beards. On the other hand, the Christian Fundamentalism has one unique feature, Messianism, which is not emphasized in the other two doctrines, as most Judaists do not view Christ as an influential religious person, whereas the concept of God’s son is absent is Islam. As one can understand, fundamentalism is to great extent synonymous to conservatism. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that the contemporary fundamentalist movement are based not purely upon the religious doctrines, but also on the aspects of PR, promotion and, if necessary, violence and compulsion. Furthermore, all of them enclose considerable restrictions upon human daily activities, – in Islam, for instance, practically all daily routines have certain algorithms; moreover, all of them challenge humanism and the principles of individual freedom, imposing personal responsibility and accountability to society or community (especially in Judaism) instead. Reference list Sullivan Country Resources. (2003). Christian Fundamentalism exposed. Available online at: http://www.sullivan-county.com/news/index.htm Religious Movements Homepage. (1998). Fundamentalism. Available online at: http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/fund.html Believe Web-Resources. (1997). (Christian) Fundamentalism. Available online at: http://mb-soft.com/believe/text/fundamen.htm Appleby, R., Almond, G. and Sivan, E. (2003). Strong Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Armstrong, K. (2001). The Battle of God: A History of Fundamentalism. New York: Ballantine Books.            

Free Essays on What It Takes

What it Takes Perhaps more than at any other time in history, today’s parents are concerned about the future of their children. They want a child who will be happy, caring, and compassionate (Christopherson 3). A parenting style choice can mold a child to be this way or to be completely opposite. Parenting style captures two important elements or parenting: parental responsiveness and parental control (Darling). Parental responsiveness is how well parents respond to their children’s needs and demands. Parental demanding ness is how well parents assert disciplinary efforts and how well they supervise. Categorizing parents according to whether they are high or low on responsible demanding ness and responsiveness creates a typology of four parenting styles: indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and uninvolved (Darling) Of these styles, authoritative parenting is the most effective. In this style, parents are highly demanding and responsive. â€Å"They monitor and impact clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive but not intrusive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive† (qtd. in Baumrind 162) (Darling). There are several contributing factors that lead to effective authoritative parenting. It is not easy and takes an abundance of time as well as patience and critical thinking. Authoritative parents focus on giving clear appropriate commands. By doing so, children know that parents mean business. A clear command is a simple imperative sentence. It is not asking a favor, sending an invitation, asking a question, or proposing a threat (Chidekel 119). A clear command is simple: â€Å"Pick up your toys† is an example. Its meaning is simply clear and direct. From this children will gain the knowledge of power of authority. Most children want to belong to a peer group, but promoting the social- skill to do so is a parents task (... Free Essays on What It Takes Free Essays on What It Takes What it Takes Perhaps more than at any other time in history, today’s parents are concerned about the future of their children. They want a child who will be happy, caring, and compassionate (Christopherson 3). A parenting style choice can mold a child to be this way or to be completely opposite. Parenting style captures two important elements or parenting: parental responsiveness and parental control (Darling). Parental responsiveness is how well parents respond to their children’s needs and demands. Parental demanding ness is how well parents assert disciplinary efforts and how well they supervise. Categorizing parents according to whether they are high or low on responsible demanding ness and responsiveness creates a typology of four parenting styles: indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and uninvolved (Darling) Of these styles, authoritative parenting is the most effective. In this style, parents are highly demanding and responsive. â€Å"They monitor and impact clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive but not intrusive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive† (qtd. in Baumrind 162) (Darling). There are several contributing factors that lead to effective authoritative parenting. It is not easy and takes an abundance of time as well as patience and critical thinking. Authoritative parents focus on giving clear appropriate commands. By doing so, children know that parents mean business. A clear command is a simple imperative sentence. It is not asking a favor, sending an invitation, asking a question, or proposing a threat (Chidekel 119). A clear command is simple: â€Å"Pick up your toys† is an example. Its meaning is simply clear and direct. From this children will gain the knowledge of power of authority. Most children want to belong to a peer group, but promoting the social- skill to do so is a parents task (...

Free Essays on Reviving Ophelia

Book Summary & Review on Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls By Mary Pipher, Ph.D. Summary: Astonishingly, more adolescent females are growing up in today’s society only to endure many more hardships than in preceding generations. In her book, Reviving Ophelia, Mary Pipher attempts to deliver insights into the reasons why adolescent females endure these struggles. The title, Reviving Ophelia, is based on the story of Ophelia from Shakespeare’s Hamlet. As a young girl Ophelia is happy and free-spirited. However, as she goes through adolescence she loses herself. She falls in love with Hamlet and allows her world to revolve around him. She lacks inner direction and struggles to please Hamlet and her father, and because of this she is shattered. When Hamlet rejects her because she is an obedient daughter, she is filled with despair. She dresses herself in clothes heavy enough to weigh her down and drowns herself in a stream. Mary Pipher believes that many confident and strong-willed girls are transformed into sad, angry and confused girls during adolescence just like Shakespeare’s Ophelia. In this book, Pipher, a clinical psychologist, takes an in depth look at adolescent girls and the factors in their lives that lead to behaviors such as depression, eating disorders, sexual promiscuity, experimentation with drugs, and suicide attempts. Pipher shares numerous stories about adolescent females and the struggles they contend with in finding their selves, as well as dealing with the societal pressures that are placed on things such as body image, drugs and alcohol, and sex and violence. Through the use of case studies, Pipher explores the world of today’s adolescent girls. She believes that the current crises of adolescence- frequent suicide attempts, dropping out of school, running away from home, teenage pregnancies, drug abuse, and a rise in the amount of adolescent girls with eating di... Free Essays on Reviving Ophelia Free Essays on Reviving Ophelia Book Summary & Review on Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls By Mary Pipher, Ph.D. Summary: Astonishingly, more adolescent females are growing up in today’s society only to endure many more hardships than in preceding generations. In her book, Reviving Ophelia, Mary Pipher attempts to deliver insights into the reasons why adolescent females endure these struggles. The title, Reviving Ophelia, is based on the story of Ophelia from Shakespeare’s Hamlet. As a young girl Ophelia is happy and free-spirited. However, as she goes through adolescence she loses herself. She falls in love with Hamlet and allows her world to revolve around him. She lacks inner direction and struggles to please Hamlet and her father, and because of this she is shattered. When Hamlet rejects her because she is an obedient daughter, she is filled with despair. She dresses herself in clothes heavy enough to weigh her down and drowns herself in a stream. Mary Pipher believes that many confident and strong-willed girls are transformed into sad, angry and confused girls during adolescence just like Shakespeare’s Ophelia. In this book, Pipher, a clinical psychologist, takes an in depth look at adolescent girls and the factors in their lives that lead to behaviors such as depression, eating disorders, sexual promiscuity, experimentation with drugs, and suicide attempts. Pipher shares numerous stories about adolescent females and the struggles they contend with in finding their selves, as well as dealing with the societal pressures that are placed on things such as body image, drugs and alcohol, and sex and violence. Through the use of case studies, Pipher explores the world of today’s adolescent girls. She believes that the current crises of adolescence- frequent suicide attempts, dropping out of school, running away from home, teenage pregnancies, drug abuse, and a rise in the amount of adolescent girls with eating di...

Plan Development for a Major Health Care Facility Essay

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Pertuzumab Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pertuzumab - Literature review Example This is enabled by the F-10 binding to the chimeric of the IgGI that largely affects epidermal expansion. However, during the extraction process, pertuzumab undergoes certain stages. First, through the dimerization process that facilitates epidermal growth, HER signaling routes are activated. It implies that the HER2 is mixed with toxicants and other variants that are found in the monoclonal antibody (MAb). The cloning process, thus, occurs during the inhibition of tumors through HER dimerization. Contrastingly, the extraction process should integrate both the structures of extracellular domain and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) that is instrumental in sustaining the function of pertuzumab (Franklin et al., 2005). Another mode of extraction is through the use of ErB2 that reduces higher metastatic potential and tumor growth rates via therapeutic approaches. Purification is the last process of obtaining a complete dosage of pertuzumab and is characterized by the asymmetric unit of varying domains. The molecular replacement is equally interrelated with the monoclonal antibody pertuzumab that is crystallized for solubility purposes and creation of bonded modules. Overall, the management of cancerous cells requires the inclusion (EGF) antigens that are compatible with the individual receiving treatment (Jatoi & Kaufmann,